1904 - 5 .] 
Flora of Scottish Lakes. 
991 
although extremely abundant, is restricted, as follows : — Littorella 
lacustris, Lobelia Dortmanna, Isoetes lacustris, Myriophyllum 
alterniflorum, Utricularia vulgaris, Juncus fluitans, Chara fragilis, 
var. Potamogeton natans, P. lucens, Callitriche hamulata, Spar- 
ganium natans, Glyceria aquatica, Polygonum amphibium, Nitella 
opaca, Fontinalis antipyretica, Menyanthes trifoliata, Equisetum 
limosum ; filamentous algse as Spirogyra and Conferva abound, as 
also do the epiphytic Diatomacese. The littoral and marsh plants, 
beyond those enumerated above, that also inhabit such places are : — 
Carex aquatilis, 0. rostrata, C. elata, C. flava, Phalaris arundinacea, 
Valeriana officinalis, Angelica sylvestris, Cnicus palustris, Juncus 
effusus, J. articulatus, Iris Pseud-acorus, Heleocharis palustris, 
Comarum palustre, Caltha palustris, Senecio aquaticus, Ranunculus 
Flammula, R. acris, Spirsea Ulmaria,, Mentha sativa, Hydrocotyle 
vulgaris, Eriopliorum polystachion, Deschampsia csespitosa, Viola 
palustris, Alnus glutinosa, Betula glutinosa, Salix aurita, etc. 
The shore at the extremity of the bay is flat, with sandy or peaty 
mud, protected from the erosive power of the waves by the 
projecting headlands at the entrance of the bay. The littoral 
vegetation consequently thrives luxuriantly (fig. 11). The tufts 
standing up in the water, in the foreground of fig. 11, are those of 
Carex elata, All. Immediately to the left, the short growth out 
of the water is the same species, with a creeping or carpeting 
habit, extending unto the shore from very shallow water. The 
tussocks are in water 30 inches deep. It is curious that the 
plant should adapt itself to these two environmental conditions. 
On ground that is merely wet or that has but a few inches of 
water, this Carex grows in a horizontal spreading mass, carpeting 
the ground with a tangle of rhizome and root so dense that it is 
scarcely possible to get the fingers through them in order to tear 
up a specimen. As the deeper water is approached, this carpeting 
habit gives way. The rhizomes discard the diageotropic growth, 
assume negative geotropism and a csespitose habit, forming 
thereby the tree-like stem of each tussock that enables them to 
elevate their leaves and inflorescences above the surrounding 
water. With some considerable labour I extracted one of these 
tussocks ; its weight when wet was about 70 lbs. Fig. 12 is from 
a photograph taken after it had dried somewhat. At the base are 
