1890-91.] Dr Griffiths on the Blood of the Invertebrata. 293 
Cancer 
pagurus. 
Carcinus 
mcenas. 
Astacus 
fluviatilis. 
Palinurus 
vulgaris. 
Homarus 
vulgaris. 
Copper oxide (CuO), . 
0-22 
0-19 
0-20 
0-18 
0-18 
Iron oxide (Fe 2 0 3 ), 
trace. 
trace. 
trace. 
Lime (CaO), 
3-55 
3-57 
3-58 
3-79 
3-54 
Magnesia (MgO), 
1-91 
1-89 
1-88 
1-90 
1-89 
Potash (K 2 0), 
4-97 
4-78 
4-82 
4-92 
4-77 
Soda (Na 2 0), 
43-90 
44-91 
44-96 
43-98 
44-99 
Phosphoric acid (P 2 0 5 ), 
4-90 
4-86 
4-81 
4-87 
4-84 
Sulphuric acid (S0 3 ), . 
2*90 
2-81 
2-75 
2-86 
2-81 
Chlorine, . 
37-65 
36-98 
37-00 
37-50 
36*96 
100-00 
99-99 
100-00 
100-00 
99*98 
Anodonta 
cygnea. 
Mytilus 
edulis. 
Pinna 
squamosa. 
Sepia 
officinalis. 
Octopus 
vulgaris. 
Copper oxide (CuO), . 
0-23 
0-22 
trace. 
0-24 
0-21 
Manganese oxide ) 
(Mn0 2 ), . . \ 
trace. 
0-19 
Iron oxide (Fe 2 0 3 ), 
trace. 
Lime (CaO), 
3 V 61 
3-72 
3-70 
2 "31 
2 V 40 
Magnesia (MgO), 
1-82 
1-86 
1-83 
1-51 
1-55 
Potash (K 2 0), 
4-90 
4-80 
4-86 
4-92 
4-90 
Soda (Na 2 0), 
44-18 
43-90 
44-02 
45-40 
45-31 
Phosphoric acid (P«0 5 ), 
4-89 
4-82 
4-79 
4-90 
4-88 
Sulphuric acid (S0 3 ), . 
2-80 
2-76 
2-73 
2-81 
2-83 
Lithium,* . 
trace. 
Chlorine, . 
37-55 
37-92 
37*88 
37-90 
37-92 
99-98 
100-00 
100-00 
99-99 
100-00 
There is no doubt, from the above analyses, that copper f plays 
an important part in the blood of the Invertebrata ; in fact it 
plays a similar role to iron in the blood of the higher Vertebrata.% 
In the majority of the Invertebrata the carrier of oxygen to the 
tissues is hsemocyanin§ contained in the blood; but in many of 
the Annelida , as well as in nearly all Vertebrates, the transport 
of oxygen from the surrounding medium (air or water) to the 
living tissues is made by means of the haemoglobin of the blood. 
* Detected by the spectroscope. 
+ See Dr Griffiths’ paper in Chemical News , vol. 48, p. 37 ; also Journal 
Chemical Society, 1884, p. 94. 
+ In Pinna squamosa, the copper Is replaced by manganese. 
§ Fredericq in Archives de Zoologie Expdrimentale, 1878 ; see also his book 
La Lutte pour V Existence, p. 84. 
VOL. XVIII. 1/8/91 
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