724 
Proceedings of the Royal Society 
vowel quality of the sounds, as repeated by the phonograph, was 
exceedingly good, even better that the original sound, as the jarring 
noise of the reed was lost. The sounds were thoroughly recognis- 
able as 0, of perhaps a somewhat bright species. The table below 
shows the amplitude of the successive partial tones, along with their 
absolute pitch to the nearest semitone. 
L 
2 
3 
i 
. 
7 
'"3 
V 
On e. 
On fl 
On g. 
On b. 
On d. 
On 
eb'. 
On d. 
dn 
i 
rd 
o 
4-3 
r— 3 Q} 
S 3 
<■* 
r-j 
o 
4-3 
i 
rP 
o 
4J 
P 
S s 
rd 
CJ 
4-3 
i 
rP 
rd 
a 
4-3 
i 
^ aj 
O-i Td 
S 3 
rd 
O 
4-3 
\ 
rd 
o 
E 
E 
C4 
P P 
<-* 
£ 
E 
H d 
E 
I. 
3-8 
e 
4-3 
4 
9-8 
9 
91 
b 
4-2 
d 
2-9 
eb' 
21 
d 
II. 
7’3 
d 
6-8 
4 
*9-0 
9' 
5’2 
V 
4*5 
c" 
2-3 
eb" 
31 
e" 
III. 
3-9 
V 
2-8 
4 ‘ 
4-8 
d" 
0-8 
4 " 
0-5 
9" 
0-2 
b b" 
01 
b" 
IY. 
21 
e" 
1-0 
4 " 
1-6 
9" 
0-3 
b" 
0-4 
c'" 
0-3 
eb 
01 
d" 
Y. 
0-6 
4 
0-3 
bb" 
0-8 
b" 
0-3 
eb'" 
0-3 
d" 
0-3 
9"' 
01 
4" 
YI. 
0-2 
V 
0-2 
4" 
01 
d m 
0 
4 " 
0-2 
g"' 
01 
bb m 
0-2 
V" 
It cannot be said that these figures show any specially strong 
resonance on or close to tyf, which Helmholtz gives as the proper 
tone of 0, but they do show a wide range of resonance, extending a 
long way above and below that pitch. There is distinct reinforce- 
ment as high as g", or even gjj\ and as low as e, if not lower, and 
partial tones falling anywhere between these limits are more or less 
reinforced. 
The above analysis appears to show that a strong resonance on or 
near b\>' is not essential to 0, and that this vowel effect may be satis- 
factorily produced by other joint resonances above and below that 
pitch. 
In a previous communication we pointed out that if the view be 
adopted that the constituents of the O’s, sung at various pitches by a 
human voice, are due to the reinforcement caused by a constant oral 
cavity, the results of our analyses showed that this cavity not only 
has the property of strongly reinforcing tones close to bV , but must 
also be capable of strengthening, more or less, tones widely distant 
from that pitch, and extending over a large range. The analysis of 
the artificial O’s now shows that a constant cavity may possess the 
latter property in quite a sufficient degree. 
