254 DR. C. B. PLOWRIGHT ON NEOLITHIC MAN IN WEST NORFOLK. 
in the segment of a circle, while the opposite end has received 
distinct lateral trimming, so that it was evidently fashioned with 
the view of being shafted after the manner of an adze (fig. 4). 
The fields in the vicinity of this pit present upon their surface 
great quantities of flakes ; and although both myself and my friend 
Dr. H. C. Brown have searched on several occasions, we have 
failed to come across more than two or three scrapers : this is the 
more remarkable, when one considers how abundant these so-called 
scrapers usually are in neolithic localities. Dr. Brown found one 
upon Massingham Heath, circular in form, made from an outside 
flake ; and another, made from an inside flake, was found by 
myself in a field some little distance away. We may therefore 
conclude that the implement principally made at Massingham was 
the rough-hewn celt, similar in type to those from Cissbury. 
Besides the cart-loads of flakes which have been removed from 
the pit since it was first opened, and which have been used for 
mending the roads, numbers of these celts in a rudimentary 
condition occurred. I am able to place before you specimens 
illustrating the manufacture of these implements from the rough 
mass of flint, of considerably greater magnitude than the finished 
celt, which by a few blows has been roughed out into the initial 
form. Other specimens show the process carried further, the larger 
angles being rounded off, and the mass has assumed the contour of 
a celt. We observe that the celt, in its primary condition, 
demanded a comparatively large mass of flint to begin with ; these 
masses were derived from the large blocks of flint which occur at 
the bottom of the pit, that is to say, about five feet below the 
surface. 
As the flint-knappers at Brandon, for the manufacture of such 
comparatively simple objects as gun-flints, find it worth while to 
mine for flint from a particular bed in the chalk, so their pre- 
decessors, both at Brandon and at Cissbury, also found it necessary 
to mine for their material, even under such adverse circumstances as 
the absence of spades and pickaxes made of metal entailed. The 
Brandon knappers are very particular, not only as to what kind of 
flint they employ, but also as to the time which it has been taken 
from the chalk, and the manner in which it is stored, before they 
use it. Now if the fashioning of a gun-flint demands such care in 
the preparation of the material from which it is made, how much 
