president’s address. 
353 
The same may he said, and has been said, of the Pleistocene 
Mammalia of Holderness: they occur beneath Boulder Clay, but 
that Boulder (day may be newer than our Chalky Boulder Clay ; 
and, in any case, the fossil remains indicate an horizon newer than 
that of the Cromer Forest Bed. 
In Norfolk we are in a position to test the question of the 
pre-glacial age of the Mammoth. 1 quote Mr. E. T. Newton. He 
says: “The only Pliocene horizon which has yielded specimens 
which could possibly b<* referred to E. /iriiin't/t nim is tin- Forest-bed, 
and tho teeth which have been found do not supply such 
undoubted proof of the occurrence of this species as could be 
desired. Although some of them approach the E. primigenrm 
type of tooth, none are precisely like any undoubted example of 
the species, and the utmost that can be said is that some of the 
Forest-bed specimens may bo extreme forms of E. jirimu/enizix.” * 
All, therefore, that wo are justified in saying is that forms 
approaching the Mammoth in character were developed in pre- 
glacial times ; whde we may safely conclude that the period 
indicated by the presence of abundant specimens of Mammoth of 
tho ordinary or characteristic type, such as occur in the brickearths 
of tho Thames Valley, is of later date than the Forest lied of 
Cromer. We have no evidence of Mammoth even in that 
earliest Pleistocene Bed, the Arctic Freshwater Bed, that underlies 
the lowest drift on the Norfolk coast. 
Mr. Gunn obtained a tooth of E/pplta» pnmigenius “from Drift 
marl at Witton, near Bacton,” a deposit referred by Mr. Keid to 
the Contorted Drift, and by Mr. Gunn to the Upper or Chalky 
Boulder Clay. Mr. Gunn says the tooth “was found in a pocket 
or cavity of the bouldered chalk.” t This is the specimen which, 
as Professor Boyd Dawkins states, is “striated and rubbed as if by 
glacial action.” ;£ 
* * The Vertebrata of the Pliocene Deposits of Britain,’ 1891, p. 47. 
+ Gunn, ‘ Sketch of the Geology of Norfolk,’ reprinted from the fourth 
edition of ‘ White’s History, Ac., of the County,’ p. 19, 188.8 : Keid. ‘ Geology 
of Cromer,’ p. 104 ; and ‘ Memorials of John Gunn,’ p. 96, plate II. fig. K. 
X Howorth, Geol. Mag. 1892, p. 397. 
