SCIENTIFIC SUMMARY. 
423 
to their mode of development, the four basal bones present four gradations ; 
the occipital being most, and the ethmoid least like a vertebra. (10) Of 
the facial bones, the lower premaxillae and nasal bones are developed 
altogether independently of the investing mass of the notochord. (11) 
Neither the auditory capsules nor the petrosal bones can be regarded as 
parts of vertebrae, their development proving that they are essentially 
intercalary. 
The Morphology of the Tunicata has been well investigated by that 
industrious and distinguished anatomist, Dr. John Denis McDonald. He 
considers that the fixed tunicates belong to two principal types, and the 
floating ones may be grouped into four typical divisions ; and, further- 
more, he is of opinion that a decided relationship exists between the fixed 
and pelagic groups. In his paper, read before the Ho} r al Society of 
Edinburgh, he states that, while he admits that habits of life cannot 
always be taken as a character on which to base a system of classification, 
yet, that, in the case of Tunicata, mode of life affords a simple and natural 
scheme for the division and classification of the beings included in this 
group. It is, for example, a strange fact, that in Flustra, the zoids lie 
face downwards, and in Botryllus, with the face upwards. This con- 
stitutes one of the chief points of difference between the compound 
tunicates and the polyzoa, and it shows that the latter are related in the 
same manner to the Brachiopoda, as the compound to the simple tunicata ; 
in other words, as a Gorgonia is related to an Actinia. 
Meaning of the Term Anthropology . — Immediately the Anthropological 
Society was founded, an outcry was raised against its members for intro- 
ducing a new word into the English language, which, said their opponents, 
had its meaning already expressed in the well-known word 44 ethnology.” 
This feeling still exists, and therefore, we are glad to perceive that the 
learned president of the Anthropological Society has taken the subject of 
the controversy in hand. At a late meeting (January 5th), Dr. Hunt, in 
delivering the annual address, observed : “If ethnology means the science 
of races, then it is assuming what has yet to be proved. Personally, I 
believe in the existence of races, and, consequently, that there is a science 
of ‘ethnology;’ but how objectionable the word must be to those who do 
not believe in races can be easily conceived. In the word 4 anthropology ’ 
there is none of these gratuitous assumptions. It assumes nothing, and 
merely means, the science of man, or mankind. Some men in this country 
have expressed themselves adverse to the introduction of what they please 
to call a new word in the language, and also that 4 anthropology ’ means 
exactly the same thing as 4 ethnology.’ Both statements are equally 
erroneous. ‘Anthropology’ is not a new word, nor does it mean at all the 
same thing as 4 ethnology.’ In Germany, France, and even in America, 
the word 4 anthropology ’ has long been introduced, and with exactly the 
same meaning which we attach to it. Indeed, I think I may affirm, that 
there is not a scientific man of any eminence in Germany, France, or 
America, who now ever confuses the meaning of the two words — 4 anthro- 
pology ’ and 4 ethnology.’ ” 
The j Sea Louse of the Baltic. — A remarkably fine specimen of this 
