410 MR. II. B. WOODWARD ON THE SOILS AND SUBSOILS OF NORFOLK. 
Boulder Clay is thinner, and much of it sandy and more chalky. 
There heaths and warrens are found, for it is a region where the 
soil is liable to be drifted by strong winds. 
Of other clays the Kimeridge Clay, which outcrops on the slopes 
at Southrey, Downham Market, and near Lynn, is naturally a stiff 
clay, but the soil is ameliorated by down washes of sand from the 
scarps of Lower Greensand. 
Clay locally occurs in the Lower Greensand, as at Snettisham, 
where it forms a belt of moist springy ground. 
The Gault is a bluish-grey marly clay with phosphatic ingredients, 
as at West Dereham, Shouldham, and Gay ton. 
These clay soils are all more or less lightened by relics or down- 
washes of sandy material, and they constitute a part of the 
“Various loams” of Arthur Young, with which he included the 
Chalky Boulder Clay tracts, and the brickearth of limited extent 
which occurs in the N ar valley between Narford and West Bilney, 
also near East Winch and to the north of Middleton. 
Brickearth or loam is also met with between Burnham Overy 
and Holkliam. 
The principal district of loam, “ one of the finest tracts of land 
that is anywhere to he seen,” the “ Rich loam ” of Arthur Young, 
occurs in East Norfolk, the region of the Contorted Drift. There 
we have a variable formation, largely a stony loam, but intermixed 
with sand and gravel, as well as marl, so that lighter lands occur 
in the midst of more fertile loams, as at Bacton, Happisburgh, and 
Waxham, at Stalham, Tunstead, Ormesby, Acle, Hamlington, 
Plumstead, and Catton. 
Sands occur in the Lower Greensand from Denver to Castle 
Rising, Sandringham, and Heacham. The soil is variable in quality, 
the silvery sands at the base, as observed by Mr. G. W. Lamplugh, 
being sterile in comparison with the upper sands, which are often 
crimson and purplish in colour, and are locally hardened into 
the ferruginous sandstone known as carstone. Dry, heathy com- 
mons and warrens with tracts of woodland prevail. 
The Norwich Crag Series yields light sandy and gravelly tracts 
as at Crostwick, Coltishall, Catlield, and Ludham, with loamy 
belts at Wroxham, Reedham, and Surlingham. 
Large heathy tracts with many fir plantations, rabbit-warrens, 
and sheep-walks characterize the Glacial Sands and Gravels. 
Thin patches of these deposits occur in the region of sand-storms, 
