434 president’s address. 
1895, Kristensen and Borchgrevink landed at Cape Adare on 
a pebbly beach, occupied by a Penguin rookery, without encounter- 
ing any land-ice descending to the sea. 
Where a Penguin rookery is situated, we may be quite sure that 
there is open water for a considerable portion of the year, and 
consequently landing might be effected without much difficulty or 
delay. A party once landed might with safety winter at such 
a spot, where Penguins would furnish an abundant supply of food 
and fuel. 
A properly equipped party of observers situated at a point like 
this on the Antarctic Continent for one or two winters might carry 
out a most valuable series of observations, make successful excursions 
towards the interior and bring back valuable information as to the 
probable thickness of the ice-cap, its temperature at different levels, 
its rate of accumulation, and its motion. As to the evidence of an 
Antarctic Continent, the form and structure of the Antarctic icebergs, 
show that they were built up on and had flowed over an extensive 
land surface. As they float north and break up in warmer latitudes 
they distribute over the floor of the ocean large quantities of 
glaciated rock-fragments and land detritus. 
These materials have been dredged up by the “ Challenger ” in 
considerable quantities, and show the rocks of this land to be 
gneisses, granites, mica-schists, quartz-diorites, sandstones, limestones, 
and shales ; indicating continental land, and were clearly transported 
from land at the South Pole. 
Rocks. 
D’Urville describes rocky islets off Ad^lie Land composed of 
granite and gneiss. 
Wilkes found on an iceberg, near the same place, boulders of 
red sandstone and basalt. 
Borchgrevink and Bull fragments of mica-schists and other 
continental rocks from Cape Adare. 
Dr. Donald brought back a piece of red jasper or chert containing 
Radiolaria , and Sponge spicules from Joinville Island. 
Captain Larsen brought from Seymour Island pieces of fossil 
