496 DK. HENRY WOODWARD ON EAST ANGLIAN GEOLOGY. 
seen, is often exposed in places on the beach after storms which 
have scoured the beach and laid this bed bare.* 
It is of Preglacial age, although it has sometimes been grouped 
as Pleistocene, and contains the fossil remains of Machcerodus, 
Trogontherium Cuvieri, Elephas meridionalis, E. antiquus, Cervus 
dicranoceros, Rhinoceros etruscus, Equus fossilis, Cervus bovoides, 
C. Sedgwickii, G. verticornis, Hyoena crocuta, II. spelceci, Hippo- 
potamus amphibius , Ursus ferox, Gido luscus, and others. 
It occurs below the Glacial Drift and above the Weybourn Crag, 
with a total thickness of twenty to thirty feet. It has been 
divided by Mr. C. Eeid into an Upper Freshwater Bed, Forest Bed 
so called (Estuarine), and a lower Freshwater Bed. 
Among those who have collected from the Forest-bed may be 
mentioned the Rev. John Gunn, Rev. Jas. Layton, Mr. S. Woodward, 
Rev. S. W. King, Mr. Randall Johnson, and Mr. Savin of Cromer. 
Its mammalian fauna has been described by Mr. E. T. Newton 
F.R.S., Mus. Pract. Geoh, Jermyn St. For collections of fossils, 
see British Museum of Natural History, Cromwell Road ; Jermyn 
St. Museum, and the Castle Museum at Norwich. 
Glacial Period, Boulder Clay, &c. 
The Chalky Boulder Clay occupies a large area of Central 
Suffolk, west of Ipswich, Woodbridge, Saxmundham, and 
Halesworth. The Rev. E. Hill of Cockfield observes: “It rises 
up to a height of 340 feet ; but none of the neighbouring outcrops 
of Chalk reach 300 feet, so that Ihe denudation of the Chalk must 
have been very considerable.” 
“ The Boulder-clay ” is connected by geologists with a period of 
extreme cold which spread over the northern parts of Europe in 
Pleistocene times, when the higher lands were covered with snow 
and ice, and when icebergs and floe-ice brought and deposited 
erratic blocks from distant parts of the North of England, and 
from Scandinavia. 
But even this geological cataclysm was not devoid of benefit to 
mankind, for it left behind it soil which forms some of the best 
corn-lands in England. 
The late Dean Buckland remarked, 80 years ago, that he always 
knew when he was travelling over the Boulder Clay, by the happy 
and contented faces of the agricultural population whom he met. 
* Tt extends from Weybourn in Norfolk to Keesinglaud in Suffolk. 
