SCIENTIFIC SUMMARY. 
229 
worthy of a visit from those agriculturists who occasionally take a summer’s 
trip to the Continent. The consumption of animals is something enormous^ 
and is per annum as follows : — Eight thousand horses, two hundred donkeys, 
three hundred cows, three hundred pigs, nine thousand cats and dogs, six 
thousand kilogTammes of meat unfit for use, five hundred thousand kilo- 
grammes of ofial from the abattoirs of Paris, and six hundred thousand 
kilogrammes of other refuse animal matters, such as skins, horns, hoofs, &c. 
The raw material is first cut up and boiled to extract the grease. The flesh 
is then separated from the bones, pressed, and dried ; it is afterwards ground 
and sifted, and the dried bones (which are next submitted to the same 
process) mixed with it, forming a manure containing thirty-five per cent, of 
nitrogen, and fifty-five of phosphate of lime. The blood is collected separately, 
and also made into manure. The solution obtained by boding is strained, and 
the solid matter thus produced is added to the rest. The offal is piled in 
alternate layers with other organic matter, such as wool and parings of hoofs 
and horns, and with them is mixed a quantity of phosphate of lime. The 
heap is then moistened with some of the solution obtained by boiling, the 
whole is set fermenting, and, eventually, a very valuable manure is pro 
duced. During the process the phosphate of lime breaks up into various 
phosphoric compounds, and several ammonia salts are also formed. 
Relation of Ingesta to Egesta in the Feeding of Cattle . — The following are 
a few of the conclusions at which Mr. J. B. Lawes has arrived in reference to 
this subject : — 
1st. During the fattening process the proportion, in a given weight of the 
body, of water, mineral matter, and nitrogenous compounds, decreases, whilst 
that of the fat very considerably increases. 
2nd. The carcase parts or saleable meat increase more rapidly than the 
internal parts or offal. 
3rd. The amount of dry substance of food required to produce a given 
weight of increase is larger with the ox than with the sheep, and larger with 
the sheep than with the pig. 
4th. The dry substance of the food of the ox contains a larger amount of 
indigestible matter than that of the sheep ; and that of the sheep more than 
that of pigs. 
5th. Oxen require from five to six, and sheep from three to four, times as 
long a period to add a given proportion to the weight of their bodies as pigs. 
6th. The greater portion of the nitrogenous and mineral matters of the 
food is recovered in the manure ; and the greater part of the non-nitrogenous 
substances is lost by respiration and other exhalations — a much smaller 
portion being retained in the increase or voided in the manure. 
7 th. Fora given amount of increase produced, oxen void considerably more 
substance as manure, and expend more in respiration, &c., than sheep ; and 
sheep very much more than pigs. 
8th. For a given weight of dry substance consumed, oxen void more as 
manure than sheep, and sheep much more than pigs ; but oxen respire rather 
less than sheep, and sheep ratRer less than pigs. 
9th. In proportion to a given weight of animal, within a given time, oxen 
both consume and respire less dry substance of food than sheep, and sheep 
very much less than pigs, but they void almost identical amomits of drj" 
