ON KAPHIDE3. 
579 
they have been more frequently confounded with or included 
under the single name of raphides. The sphaeraphides of 
certain Moracece and other TJrticales have been named cys- 
toliths and crystal glands on the Continent. They have been 
regarded by chemists as composed of oxalate of lime. 
And noWj concerning the distribution of raphides in the 
Phaenogamous Flora of the worlds space will only admit of a 
very short notice of very fragmentary results j and for the 
same reason a further consideration of the sphaeraphides and 
other crystals must be deferred. 
Of the class Endogens_, taken in lineal sequence_, we find the 
first two and extensive orders devoid of raphides^ which appear 
constantly^ and for the most part abundantly, as well as for 
the first time in the class, in the orders Fistiacece, Typliaceoe, 
Ayacece, and Fandanaceoe ; then irregularly in the Palms ; and 
are regularly absent from Hydroclirn'idacecejNcdadacece, and Zos- 
teracece. Next appearing again abundantly and regularly in the 
immediately succeeding orders — Bromeliacece, Scemodoracece, 
sudd Hypoxidacece ; occurring, with some curious exceptions, in 
Amaryllidacece ondlridacecB, often with numerous crystal prisms, 
and these most abundant and remarkable in the last-named 
order. In Musacece the raphides are more or less plentifulj; 
but are scarce, if not generally wanting, in Zingiberaceoe and 
Marantacece. Burmanniacece, Orcliidacece, and Co^nmelmacece 
abound in raphides, which are deficient in Xyridacece, while 
crystal prisms are plentiful in Philydrum. Juncacece is an order 
devoid of, or very scantily supplied with, raphides ; and the 
order Orontiacece (except Acorece) abounds with them. Several 
Melanthacece afibrd raphides and sphaeraphides plentifully, and 
others are devoid of raphides ; the Pontederacece contain 
raphides and crystal prisms. Of Liliacece some sections, or 
parts of sections, are regularly devoid of raphides ; and 
other sections, or parts of sections, as constantly pregnant 
with them : crystal prisms also occur rather frequently in this 
order. Finally, Butomacece, Alismacece, and Juncaginacece are 
wanting in raphides. 
Of Dictyogens I have never found a plant without raphides ; 
only these are mostly replaced in Boxhurghia by crystal prisms. 
In Grymnogens I have seen no raphides at all. 
Among the class Exogens raphides occur plentifully, and often 
very characteristically, in Vitacem, Balsaminacece, Nyctaginacece, 
Phytolaccacece, MesembryanfJiemum, Onagracecej Galiacece., and 
the herbaceous Ginchonacece. The crystal prisms of Quillaja 
and Guaiacum are well known. 
These results are in many respects very remarkable. A few 
of them will here be noticed. Of the Endogens, the first 
two orders, which constitute a large part of Professor Lindley^s 
