106 
rOPULArv SCIENCE EEYIEW. 
ZOOLOGY AND COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. 
The Frcsh-ivater Cmstacea of Belgium. — M. F. Plateau has given the 
following abstract (^Co7nptes-BenduSj Nov. 23) of his memoir on the genera 
of Gammarus, iywcci/s, and C^jpris. Gammai'us puteanus (Koch) is a species 
and not a variety ; its rudimentary eyes perceive light. The species of 
Lynccus have maxillre for trituration, furnished with a crown of conical 
tubercles ; their digestive tube, instead of being simple like that of Baphnia 
2 ndex, is distinctly divided into oesophagus, stomach, small and large intes- 
tines ; the other members than the antennae affect three different forms : 
natatory appendages (first pair), appendages for the production of the 
aqueous current (second and third pairsj, appendages exclusively respiratory 
(fourth and fifth pairs). The male reproductive apparatus is lodged in a 
pouch borne by the last joint but one of the tail ; it is formed of two sacci- 
form testes and two deferent canals, opening at the base of the caudal 
plate. The females, like the Daphnise, carry well-marked ephippiumsy but 
they are composed of two distinct capsules. Opposed to what Rathke has 
said of the Daphnire, the eye in the embryo is a single pigmentary mass, which 
aftenvards divides into two. IM. Plateau has confirmed by new observations 
the researches of Herr Zenker, who discovered the males of Cypris, and thus 
upset the old theory of the hennaphrodism of tliese animals. He shows, 
further, that the seat of formation of the spermatophores in the male Cypris 
is not the deferent canal, but the axial tube of the mucous gland ; that the 
form of the valves in the young is generally at variance with that which 
they assume in the adult j lastl}’-, he shows that Cypris, although resisting 
the privation of water for a certain time, does not manifest this property in 
a higher degree than most other small aquatic animals. 
The Scolex of Phyllohoth'ium in a Dolphin. — M. E. vanBeneden has found 
in the body of a male Delphinum deljjhis the Scolex of Phyllobothrium, a 
cestoid living in the angel-fish, and several sharks. Here, then, remarks 
M. van Beneden, is a cestoid which begins its evolution in a cetaceous, and 
completes it in a plagiostomous fish. 
The Animal “ Cell ” not essentially different in Functmi from the Vegetable. 
— In a paper read before the Association of German Naturalists, at its last 
session in Frankfort, on the Physics of the Cell, Hen* Wundt stated as fol- 
lows:— It used to be thought that the vegetable cell had to form organic 
matter, and that the animal cell had to destroy it in order that, by its alter- 
nation of creation and destruction, the general end of life might be attained. 
At present we are compelled to admit that, if the vegetable cell is the seat 
of a phenomenon of reduction by which carbonic acid is decomposed into 
its elements, a similar phenomenon is produced in the animal cell. Non- 
nzotised combinations, it is now known, can be formed in the interior of the 
animal cell. Alexander Schmidt was the first to observe that, after the 
addition of carbonic acid to blood, the total contents of carbonic acid dimi- 
nished in certain circumstances. This observation furnishes direct support 
to the idea of a phenomenon of reduction. The blood globule plays, there- 
fore, a part analogous to that played by chlorophyll in the vegetable cell in 
contact with the carbonic acid of the atmosphere. The only difference 
