310 Proceedings of Royal Society of Edinburgh. [sess. 
e.g ., Jekaterinoslav, the Steppes of Saratov, the Ukraine, the 
adjoining districts of western and little Russia, and in the Crimea; 
also in Kutais (Trans-Caucasia). The area of endemic scurvy in 
southern Russia joins an endemic district in Roumania. In Sweden 
scurvy may be said to be endemic only in the neighbourhood of 
Umea, in the districts of Udewalla and Jemtlandslan ; and in 
Norway it is endemic in Finnmarken. 
Scurvy is endemic in various countries in Asia. We meet with 
it on the Yemen coast of Arabia, especially at Aden; in some 
parts of India, e.g., North-West Provinces, Rajpootana, and Malwa; 
in Cochin-China, the northern part of China, particularly at Pekin, 
and in Japan. In Australia it is endemic in the north-west of New 
South Wales; and it occurs endemically on the Darling Downs. 
In Africa scurvy is met with in the eastern Soudan, and 
throughout nearly the whole of the rainy zone of Africa, especially 
during the overflow of the Nile. On the west coast of Africa it 
is also endemic in Benguela, and on the Gold and Ivory coasts. 
In the western hemisphere, endemic centres of scurvy are found 
in the most northern latitudes, in Greenland, Alaska, and the 
Ottawa district of Canada. 
Remarks . — There are several points in regard to the geographical 
distribution of scurvy which are well worthy of notice. Apart 
from its production in jails and camps, during sieges, and in 
armies on the march, it is also met with amongst explorers and at sea. 
It is seen too very frequently in damp low-lying localities, where 
the soil is highly impregnated with saline matter, chiefly nitrate 
of potash, and where consequently the production of vegetables 
is scanty ; or else in arid regions where cultivation is not practised. 
A number of general causes, apart from mere locality, predispose 
to this disease. Malaria, fatigue, a humid atmosphere, great 
variations in temperature, bad water, insufficient clothing, and 
residence in crowded or ill-ventilated rooms or cabins, all seem to 
invite the onset of the malady, although, as a matter of fact, its 
absolute occurrence is due to the want of fresh anti-scorbutic vege- 
tables or of lime-juice which, when not too old, takes their place. 
