816 Proceedings of Royal Society of Edinburgh. [sess. 
the powerfully decomposing forces at these depths, they may be 
restricted to the materials contributed by the ash of meteors and 
the scoriae of volcanoes. 
The paper on the influence of wind on the salt and fresh-water 
lochs of Scotland is highly important from a zoological and economi- 
cal, as well as from a meteorological, point of view. In it Dr 
Murray shows how the wind, by producing first horizontal and then 
vertical currents, influences the distribution of temperature through 
the whole depths of the enclosed lochs, whether fresh or salt. He 
has further described Crustacea dredged up from the depths of onr 
salt-water lochs which have a peculiar novel interest both on account 
of their remarkable luminous organs, and, as he has been the first to 
show, on account of their being the chief food of the herring. We 
now know what becomes of the herring when they are no longer to 
be seen or caught near the surface, — they are feeding in the depths 
of the lochs or sea adjoining, and in all probability the extent of 
their migrations is from the depths of the sea shorewards during the 
spawning season. 
These papers form the justification of the Council’s award, and 
they represent but a small part of Dr Murray’s scientific work. The 
records of the “Challenger” Expedition, now so nearly finished, will 
always remain a proof that he is a skilful organiser, as well as an 
able, ingenious, and successful investigator. 
The Chairman then presented the Makdougall-Brisbane Prize, for 
the period 1886-88, to Dr Archibald Geikie, for numerous Com- 
munications, especially that entitled “ History of Volcanic Action 
during the Tertiary Period in the British. Isles,” printed in the 
Society’s Transactions. 
Mr B. N. Peach, in explaining the grounds of the award, said : — 
Mr Archibald Geikie, from a lifetime devoted to active study in 
the field, from the laborious manner in which he has collated 
almost everything that has been written upon the subject, and from 
his charming style as a writer, has done more than any other living 
person to spread a knowledge of geology in this country. Besides 
his excellent official work in connection with the geological survey 
of these islands, of which he is now the Director-General, he has 
written many separate works, and has contributed numerous weighty 
original papers to various scientific societies and journals. Among 
these contributions, some of the more important have appeared in 
the Transactions of our Society, and for one of them — his mono- 
graph on the “Old Eed Sandstone of Western Europe” — he 
