308 Proceedings of the Poyal Society of Edinburgh. [Sess. 
with the assistance of Mill, Cunningham, and other colleagues, carried out 
continuous investigations over a period of about eleven years. In this way 
an immense body of valuable observations was accumulated, some of which 
were made use of in working out the Challenger results, and published 
partly in the reports of the expedition, partly elsewhere. Amongst the 
residuum not immediately published there remained a mass of valuable 
data regarding the marine fauna of the west of Scotland, the working up 
of which had been undertaken only a few months before Murray’s death. 
These data when fully worked out will form a valuable foundation for 
future work, so it is greatly to be hoped that means will be found to have 
this done. 
Murray’s studies upon the mode of formation of coral islands, in which 
he emphasised the importance of submarine deposits — particularly of the 
calcareous skeletons of marine animals which are protected from solution 
by the bottom layer of water becoming saturated with calcium carbonate — 
in providing the foundations upon which the atoll-forming organisms can 
proceed to build ; his studies upon rainfall and drainage of continents in 
their relation to submarine deposits ; and again his studies upon the extent 
— present and past — of the Antarctic continent, can only be mentioned 
here, although these are alike of great value in themselves and of still 
greater value as sources of inspiration of subsequent research on the part 
of others. 
Apart from the Challenger Expedition, perhaps the greatest work of 
Murray’s life was the carrying out of the Murray-Pullar survey of the 
fresh-water lochs of Scotland, the result of which has been to place Scotland 
in the same premier position in limnology as it had been placed in as 
regards oceanography. Murray had endeavoured without success, although 
backed up by powerful representations from the Royal Societies of London 
and Edinburgh, to induce the Government to undertake a bathymetrical 
survey of the fresh-water lochs of Scotland; so in 1898 he commenced 
the work on his own responsibility, assisted by a young and enthusiastic 
colleague, Mr Fred Pullar. The survey met an untimely check on the 
lamentable death of the younger worker by accident in 1901, but was 
started again in the following year with funds provided by his father, 
Mr Laurence Pullar, and was prosecuted actively, with the help of a staff 
of able young assistants, during the following seven years. During that 
time systematic soundings, with supplementary physical and biological 
observations, were carried out on no less than 562 separate lochs. The 
results of the survey were published from time to time by the Royal 
Geographical Society, and appeared in collected form in 1910 in six large 
