1914-15.] Obituary Notice. 309 
volumes, with numerous charts and other illustrations, forming a contribu- 
tion to limnology of which Scotland may well be proud, and at the same 
time a worthy memorial of the able young naturalist who was Murray’s 
colleague during the earlier stages of the work. 
The last of Murray’s major works was the Michael Sars expedition tO' 
the North Atlantic in 1910. This arose out of a visit to Copenhagen in 
1909, when he urged upon the International Council for the Exploration 
of the Sea the desirability of carrying out systematic observations in the 
North Atlantic with a view to their bearings on the problems of the 
North Sea. Later on, Murray made a definite offer to pay the expenses of 
a four months’ expedition on condition that the Norwegian Government 
lent the Michael Sars and her scientific staff for the purpose. This offer 
was accepted, and the Michael Sars sailed from Plymouth on April 7, 1910, 
with Murray on board. The expedition made its way along the western 
edge of the continental slope to Gibraltar, where valuable studies were 
made of the great currents which traverse the strait, the ship being 
anchored in mid-channel by a steel cable, in water of two hundred fathoms. 
From Gibraltar the expedition worked southwards along the continental 
edge as far as the Canaries, thence to the Azores, then westwards to the 
Gulf Stream and northwards to Newfoundland, and finally back across the 
Atlantic towards Ireland. A call was made at the Clyde, a visit paid to 
the neighbourhood of Rockall, and finally the concluding observations of 
the expedition were made in the Faroe-Shetland channel. 
The Michael Sars had on board her full scientific staff under the leader- 
ship of Dr J. Hjort ; she was admirably equipped with the necessary 
scientific apparatus, and, as might have been expected, during the four 
months of the cruise an immense mass of valuable observations was accumu- 
lated, together with large collections of marine organisms. Murray gave 
£500 towards putting these into preliminary order, and now they are being 
worked up and the results published under the auspices of the Bergen 
Museum. Of the purely physical observations, mention may be made of 
the studies of the outflow of warm water of high salinity through the 
Strait of Gibraltar ; of the very considerable fall in temperature of large 
masses of the Atlantic water which was found to have taken place since 
the voyage of the Challenger thirty-seven years earlier ; of the numerous 
glaciated stones brought up from a depth of 1000 fathoms to the south- 
west of Ireland ; and of the corroboration of J. Y. Buchanan’s views as to the 
occurrence of tidal currents, strong enough to wash away the ooze, far out 
in the open ocean in regions of diminished depth of water : and again, in 
the realm of pure biology, the obtaining of a number of young, developing 
