of Edinburgh, Session 1879 - 80 . 
475 
a topography in which there is scarcely a single important point 
w r hich has not been controverted by one or more well-known writers. 
The topography of Jerusalem has, moreover, formed the subject of 
works of every century from the age of Josephus to the present time, 
and can only he rightly understood after the study of about one 
hundred standard accounts of the city in all ages. Ruins, when dis- 
covered, must not rashly he assumed to belong to a period of great 
antiquity, since we know that even after the time of Herod the Great, 
magnificent buildings were erected by Hadrian, by Constantine, by 
Justinian, by the early Khalifs, and by the Latin kings, as well 
as by the Moslem rulers of the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth 
centuries. 
Many relics which were at first thought to belong to the pre-Christian 
history of Jerusalem, have been shown, after careful examination by 
experienced architects, to he remains of the work of the later builders 
above cited. The subject of this paper must he confined, therefore, 
to an account of recent discoveries, and to an attempt at showing the 
hearing of such discoveries on the points of most general interest. 
The restoration of the ancient topography has, I take it, hut small 
interest in itself except for a limited circle ; hut the questions which 
have given importance -to the study are, I believe, very generally 
understood; and the controversies on Jerusalem topography appear 
to gather round two principal centres of interest — namely, the posi- 
tion of the site of Calvary and the Holy Sepulchre, and the position 
and the monuments of the Temple enclosure. It is proposed to 
show in what degree recent explorations have thrown light on these 
two central questions. 
A new era in the history of Jerusalem research dates from the 
execution of the Ordnance Survey in 1864. This survey, under- 
taken partly at the expense of the Earoness Burdett Coutts (for the 
purpose of reporting on the water supply of the city), was executed 
by Captain (now Lieutenant-Colonel) C. W. Wilson, R.E., with a 
staff of non-commissioned officers from the Royal Engineers and 
was published by the Ordnance Survey Office at Southampton. 
The survey includes a map to the scale 2 x 00 city itself, with 
a smaller map of the envirous T oij o~o an 4 with a plan of the Temple 
enclosure as well as a number of special plans, of the Holy 
Sepulchre Church and other important buildings. The actual 
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VOL. x. 
