44 
THE AEGENTINE ANT. 
the workers, and the pupal skin, or at least a portion of it, is worked 
backward to the tip of the abdomen and there shed entirely. Within 
a few hours after transformation the wings of the male become fully- 
expanded. The following table shows the duration of the male pupal 
stage at different seasons. 
Table V. — Duration of pupal stage of the Argentine ant, individual males, 1908. 
Record No. 
From — 
To— 
Days.i 
Average 
daily 
mean 
tempera- 
ture 
during 
period. 
Average 
daily 
mean 
humid- 
ity. 
1 
Apr. 11 
Apr. 14 
...do 
May 1 
May 4 
...do. . . 
19i 
20J 
201 
24 
24 
24 
26 
24 
28 
° F. 
73.6 
73.6 
73.6 
72.3 
72.3 
72.2 
72.8 
71.8 
70.5 
Per cent. 
69.8 
2 
68. 6 
3 
68.6 
4 
Apr. 17 
...do 
May 10 
...do 
67.3 
7 
67.3 
8 
Apr. 18 
...do 
May 11 
May 13 
...do 
Oct. 21 
66.7 
9 
66.5 
5 
Apr. 20 
Sept. 24 
65.8 
6 
67.8 
1 Average days, 23J. 
The normal time of appearance of the male pupae is in the spring, 
but the appearance of a relatively small number in autumn is not 
uncommon. During April and May they are usually abundant, 
gradually disappearing in the latter part of May arid early June. 
Only in one case have they been observed in midsummer, when three 
or four male pupae were found at Baton Kouge, July 24, 1909, in a 
huge nest which contained thousands of immature stages. 
THE QUEEN PUPA. 
The pupa which is to become a queen is readily distinguished from 
the male or worker pupa by its size, as it is considerably larger than 
the male and more than twice as large as the worker pupa. The 
whole body is more uniformly developed than in the case of the male 
pupa. The head and thorax are not nearly so large in proportion to 
the rest of the body, the abdomen is much larger, and the dividing 
line between head and thorax is much more distinct. Apart from its 
size the queen pupa is readily recognized by the presence of the promi- 
nent wing pads. 
Queen pupae have been found only during April and May. The 
duration of this stage has not been worked out, as we have not been 
fortunate enough to secure larvae which would transform into queen 
pupae in our cages. Considerable numbers of these pupae have, how- 
ever, been collected in the field by the junior author and have been 
reared to the adult stage in the artificial formicaries, observations on 
them extending over a period of two weeks. The queen pupal stage 
