LIFE HISTORY. 45 
seems to occupy relatively more time than is required for the worker 
pupal stage, but the gradual change in color from pure white to 
»> brown is about the same. It seems probable that the queen pupal 
stage extends over three or four weeks, depending upon the prevailing 
temperature. As many as 35 queen pupae were collected from one 
colony in Audubon Park, New Orleans, La., on April 29, 1910; hence 
there is every reason for believing that the virgin queens are reared in 
large numbers. 
Reasoning from what is known concerning the development of 
queens in the case of such insects as the honey bee, one would expect 
to find the queen ant developed from the same kind of an egg that 
- * produces the worker and that the queen would be developed as a result 
of special food given to the female larva. It is possible that the diet 
furnished to our colonies in confinement did not contain the requisite 
materials out of which the workers could elaborate a food suitable 
for rearing queens, and this may account for their failure ever to appear 
in the artificial formicaries, no matter how populous the latter were. 
THE CALLOW OR TENERAL STAGE. 
During the last few hours of the pupal stage, in all forms, the legs, 
mouth parts, and antennae become more prominent and the pupa is 
^ assisted in its transformation by the workers, who attempt to 
straighten out the legs and antennae. We are convinced that there 
is a very thin transparent membrane or skin surrounding the pupa, 
« which is shed at time of transformation, but its existence is difficult 
to establish satisfactorily. 
Immediately after transformation the young ant is colorless, almost 
transparent, but is otherwise identical in appearance with fully 
mature specimens. To this stage, following the custom of some 
authors, we apply the term "callow." The callow is at first very 
K$ clumsy and walks with uncertain steps and staggering gait, reminding 
one much of a worker bee just emerged from the brood comb. During 
this stage the workers seem still to feel a responsibility for the cal- 
'W low's welfare, for when the colony is disturbed the callows, like larvae 
and pupae, are unceremoniously grabbed up by the workers and 
^} hustled to a place of safety. 
* ! The body of the callow deepens in color quite rapidly and in from 
48 to 72 hours after transformation from the pupa becomes indistin- 
guishable from that of other adults. 
- 
TIME REQUIRED FOR COMPLETE DEVELOPMENT. 
By adding together the minimum periods required for the develop- 
ment of worker eggs, larvae, and pupae, as given in Tables II, III, 
y- and IV, we find that at least 33 days are required for development 
