THE MUSICAL APl'AIiA'l I 8. 
55 
grooves, and clasps, which make one tube of the whole, are illustrated 
in the accompanying cross sections fig. 20). 
The different pieces of the ovipositor attach to flat plates partly 
concealed within and attaching to the wall of the abdomen, and are 
operated by powerful muscles both in making incisions in the twigs 
and passing the eggs from the oviduct which 
opens at the base of the ovipositor; through ^K\ 
the tube formed by the three parts of the 
instrument, until they reach their final lodg- 
ment in the twig. The act of oviposition 
will be described in another place. 
& 
THE MUSICAL APPAR ATI'S. 
Perhaps the most interesting feature of 
the anatomy of the Cicada to the popular 
mind is the musical apparatus, by means of 
which it makes its peculiar note, or song. 
This apparatus and the sounds produced by 
its possessor have been studied and de- 
scribed by many naturalists, beginning with 
the very earliest, and, in fact, the fullest and 
most accurate description of the method of 
producing sounds and the anatomical struc- 
ture of the vocal organ in these insects is the 
one given, early in the last century, by that 
famous French pioneer in the study of the 
biology and anatomy of insects, Reaumur. 1 
The work of Reaumur was confirmed and added to a hundred years 
later by a most painstaking study of living specimens by another 
French student, Sober, 2 and for a minute technical description of the 
anatomy and workings of the sound apparatus the reader is referred 
to these authors. 
The special modification and structure of these parts in our periodi- 
cal species have been studied by the more important older writers. 
as Potter and Smith, and more recently by W. .1. Burnett ami 
K. G. Love. 4 
As already noted, the gift of song is found in the male insect only and 
the true sound apparatus consists of two small ear like or shell-like 
inflated drums situated on the sides of the basal segment of the abdo- 
men. These drums are caused to vibrate by the action of powerful 
muscles, and the sound is variously modified by adjacent smaller disks — 
the so-called •• mirrors'' or sounding boards — and issues as the peculiar 
'Histoire dea [nsectes, Vol. V (1740), pp. 158-170, pi. IT. 
-Ann. Soc. Knt, France. 1837, Vol. 71, pp. L99-217. 
Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1851, Vol. [V, p. 72, 
Mourn. N. V Micros. Soc., 1895, XI, pp. 39 12. 
1G. 26.— Cross section of oviposi- 
tor: 0, with part attached iu nat- 
ural position, b. separated to show 
interlocking tongues and _ 
(original). 
