DURATION OF THE ADULT STAGE. 63 
of their earlier appearance, so that it often happens that while the 
woods are still filled with females actively engaged in ovipositing, the 
males are altogether absent and their songs are unheard. 
DURATION OF THE ADULT STAGE. 
Under normal conditions the Cicada remains in evidence in the woods 
five or six weeks, occasional individuals occurring later, but as a rule 
their disappearance is almost as sudden as their appearance and is 
complete in the iirst weeks in July. Air. Butler, writing of the 1885 
brood in Indiana, says that twenty-three days after the appearance of 
the Cicada a perceptible decrease in numbers was observed, chiefly from 
a disappearance of the males. On July 15, nine days after they had 
disappeared from the river valley districts, they were still abundant 
and active in more elevated situations. Mr. Davis, writing of the brood 
of 1894 on Staten Island, says that by the third week in June the Cica- 
das commenced to die of old age, and yet the males were still singing 
and the females were abundant in certain localities as late as the 8th of 
July, while by the 15th of the same month all had disappeared. 
Mr. Hopkins found on the hills near Morgantown, W. Va., that the 
dates of the Cicada appearance were about normal, the first adults 
appearing on May 20, the first general appearance not coming, however, 
until the 21th. Cold weather intervening, there was a subsidence again 
until the 30th, when they emerged again in enormous numbers. Ovi- 
position began on the 13th of June, and by the 17th of the month the 
leaves on the wounded twigs commenced to wither. All had disappeared 
by the 4th of July. 
METHOD OF EMERGENCE. 
In escaping from the soil the pupa burrows directly upward, but not 
always in a straight line, and under normal conditions emerges directly, 
leaving a small round hole about the size of a man's little finger. While 
it is generally true that they do not pierce the surface at all until they 
are ripe for transformation, they seem to have a frequent habit of pene- 
trating nearly to the top of the ground some time before they actually 
issue and remain usually within their burrows or sometimes emerging, 
but concealing themselves under logs, stones, etc., awaiting the proper 
moment to come forth. Usually throughout the month of April they 
are to be found thus near the surface, as has been recorded by many 
observers. 
On the authority of Professor Potter the 10th of April is usually the 
date for their appearance near the top of the ground. Here they are 
often discovered by hogs and eaten with avidity, their holes coming 
within a quarter of an inch of the surface and penetrating downwards 
from to 12 inches. 
20110— No. II 5 
