A SEVENTEEN- YEAR AND A THIRTEEN-YEAR RACE. 13 
unpublished monograph entitled "The American locust," etc., by Dr. 
Gideon B. Smith, of Baltimore, Md. 
This manuscript paper, on the authority of Professor Riley, was com- 
municated to him by Dr. J. G-. Morris, of Baltimore, some four months 
after the publication of the existence of the 13-year race by Walsh and 
Riley, but in time for use in the preparation of the article for the First 
Missouri Report. In it the existence of the 13-year Southern race, 
occurring in several broods, is fully recorded by Dr. Smith in connection 
with the use of the specific name u tredecim." (See Appendix C.) 
After the existence of the 13-year Southern race was again brought 
into prominence by Walsh and Riley, Dr. Phares published an article 
in the Southern Field and Factory, Jackson, Miss., April, 1873, in 
which he called attention to his earlier publication, cited above, where 
he seems to have controverted the belief that there is no 13-year brood, 
evidently entertained up to that time by Dr. Smith, with whom Dr. 
Phares was in correspondence, and also to an article published May 5, 
1858, in the Republican, where he used the title "Cicada tredecim." 
Dr. Smith later evidently accepted the conclusions of Dr. Phares and 
introduced them in his last revision of his manuscript memoir, which 
Professor Riley saw and used. To Dr. Phares, therefore, belongs the 
honor of having made the discovery of the 13-year period for the 
Southern broods. Nevertheless, but for the independent work of Walsh 
and Riley the knowledge of the facts might have been long lacking, 
and, in the non publication of Dr. Smith's monograph, 1 would have failed 
of the abundant proof on which they now rest. The race name of tre- 
decim for the 13-year broods was suggested by Walsh and Riley with- 
out knowledge of its earlier use by Dr. Phares. The latter's early articles 
in the Republican are lost altogether, the author himself not being 
able to recover them in later years, and the credit for the name tredecim 
for the 13-year race, following the customary rules, should go to Walsh 
and Riley. 
The discovery of the 13-year Southern race was of vast assistance 
in clearing up the confusion which had attended the study of the dif- 
ferent broods of this insect, and enabled Walsh and Riley to separate 
some sixteen distinct broods, three of which belong to the tredecim 
race, and later enabled Professor Riley, with the aid of Dr. Smith's 
paper, to increase the number of tredecim broods to seven and the total 
of the broods to twenty-two, twenty-one of which the records of subse- 
quent appearances have proven to be valid. 
Dr. Smith's remarks in his manuscript chapter on geographical tribes 
and districts present the status of the 17-year and 13 year races very 
clearly. He says : 
There are two divisions or tribes, differing from each othei only in the periods of 
their lives; the one and much the larger division living seventeen years, ami the 
'A summary, with extracts, of this manuscript made b\ Professor Riley is the 
writer's source of information on this valuable paper, which, while containing much 
error and wrong inference, yet indicates careful study ami accurate observation. 
