6 CONTENTS. 
Pace. 
Transformation i o the adult stage 61 
Period of emergence 61 
Duration of the adult stage 63 
Method of emergence 63 
Cicada huts, or cones 64 
The act of transformation 70 
The adult insect and its habits 71 
Numbers of, and local distribution 71 
The food habits of the adult insect 72 
The Cicada as an article of food 72 
Oviposition and its effect on the plant 74 
Plants selected 74 
Eesult to the plant of oviposition 75 
Method of inserting the eggs 78 
The growth and hatching of the eggs 80 
Tbe underground life of the Cicada 82 
Experimental proofs of the long underground life 82 
History of the larval and pupal stages 84 
Technical description of the different stages 86 
First larval stage 86 
Second larval stage 87 
Third larval stage 88 
Fourth larval stage 88 
First pupal stage 89 
Second pupal stage 89 
The habits of the larva and pupa 90 
The food of the larva and pupa 90 
The location in the soil 92 
The method of burrowing 93 
Damage occasioned by the larvae and pupae 94 
The natural enemies of the Cicada 95 
Insect parasites 96 
Dipterous enemies 96 
Hemipterous enemies 97 
Hymenopterous enemies 97 
The parasites of the eggs 98 
The larger digger wasp 99 
Mite parasites of the eggs 101 
The Oribatid mites 103 
Miscellaneous predaceous mi tes 103 
The vertebrate enemies 105 
The fungous disease of the adults 106 
Eemedies and preventives 107 
The general character of the problem 107 
Means of destroying the emerged pupa? and adults 108 
Means against the Cicada in its underground life Ill 
The periodical Cicada in literature 112 
Bibliography of the periodical Cicada 119 
Appendix A. Egg transfers, Broods VII and XXII, 1885 135 
Appendix B. Breeding experiments on the grounds of the Department of 
Agriculture 139 
Seventeen-year Brood XXII, 1885 139 
Seventeen-year Brood VIII, 1889 139 
Appendix C. Dr. Gideon B. Smith's chronology of the periodical Cicada 142 
Appendix D. Eecords for 1898 of Broods VII and XVII 146 
