THE NATCRAL ENEMIES. 105 
A species belonging to the family Gamasiche was found by Mr. Allis 
associated with the eggs of the Cicada (fig. 55). It is apparently an 
nndescribed species and is certainly distinct from the half-dozen known 
from North America. Mr. Banks has suggested for it the name Iphis 
oralis. The family to which it belongs includes true insect parasites 
which either live free or attached to their hosts, and there is little 
doubt but that this mite was attracted by the Cicada eggs. 
Two mites, one belonging to the genus Cheyletus (fig. 56) and the 
other to the genus Bdella (fig. 57), were found associated with the eggs 
of the Cicada in Virginia in July, 1885. Both of these mites seem to 
be undescribed, but the material is not good enough to warrant their 
description. Both genera are known to be carnivorous, and the speci- 
mens secured had doubtless been preying ou the Cicada eggs. 
THE VERTEBRATE ENEMIES. 
Under this heading I- will supplement merely the general statements 
given elsewhere on the destruction of the Cicada by birds, mammals, 
etc., by quoting the observations of Mr. A. W. Butler, who devoted 
considerable attention to the natural enemies of the Cicada in 1885 in 
southeastern Indiana. His lists and notes, which follow, could be 
much extended and. if all the enemies of the Cicada were known, would 
doubtless include all the insectivorous birds and mammals occurring 
within the range of this insect. He says: 
Among birds the English sparrow. Passer domesticus Leach, is perhaps its greatest 
enemy. Within one week from the date of the appearance of the Cicada in Brook- 
ville not one could be found, and I doubt if a single specimen was permitted to 
deposit its eggs, owing to the persistent warfare waged by this garrulous sparrow. 
Of native birds the roldn, Merula migraioria Sw. & Rich.: blackbird, Quiscalus 
purpureas ceneus Kidg. ; catbird, Galeoscoptts carolineusis Cab.: redheaded wood- 
pecker, Melanerp(8 erythrocephalua Sw. : golden-winged woodpecker. Colaptc* auratua 
Sw.; towhee bunting. Pipilo crylhrojihthalmiis Vieill.. and orchard oriole. Icterus 
spurias Bp., were their greatest enemies. Food of every other sort appeared to he 
neglected in order that they might feast for a limited period upon the easily cap- 
tured Cicada. 
< )f other lurds examined, the following contained Cicada remains: Brown thrasher. 
Harporhynchus r uj'it a Cab.; Baltimore oriole, Icterus galbula Cones: scarier Tanager. 
Pyran<ja rubra Vieill. ; bine-gray gnat catcher, PoJioptila ccerulea Scl.j worm-eating 
warbler, Helminthotherus vermivorus S. & G.; purple martin, Progne subis Baird; 
wood pewee. Contopua virena Cab.; wood thrush, Hylocichla must, Una Baird: yellow- 
throated vireo, Lanivireo flavifrons Baird; cardinal grosbeak. Cardinalia virginianua 
Bp.; tufted titmouse, Lophophanes bicolar Bp. ; Carolina chickadee, Parus carolinen- 
tu And.; chipping sparrow, Spizella domestica Cones: downy woodpecker, Pica* 
Hllosus ■ L. ; great-crested flycatcher, Myiarchua crxnitus Cab. ; indigo bird. 
cyanm Gray; cow bird, Molothrus ater Gray; white-bellied nuthatch, Sitta Caroline*- 
sis Gmel. ; yellow-billed cuckoo. Coccyzua americanus l>p-: black-billed cuckoo, C. 
'erythrophthalmua Baird; gold finch, dstragalinua tristis Cab. ; crow, Corvus frugivortu 
Bartr., and cedar bird, Ampelis cedrorum Baird. 
But two species of all the birds examined showed no evidence oi cicada-eating. 
These were the blue warbler. Dendroeca vomica Baird, and the warbling vireo. 
Fireosylva gilva (ass. Most birds only eat the softer parts, but Borne species — the 
