REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. 115 
Dr. S. P. Hildreth, of Marietta, Ohio, made two very valuable con- 
tributions on the Cicada to the American Journal of Science and Arts 
(1826 and 1830), which are much more accurate than any of the earlier 
papers, and too long to be quoted in this place. In the second of these 
papers he calls attention to the existence of the small form of Cicada, 
and gives a colored plate representing five views of the adult insect. 
Dr. Hildreth published a third paper also in 1S47. 1 
The first account of this insect to be issued as a separate work is the 
memoir of Prof. Nathaniel Potter, of Baltimore, Md., entitled •• Notes 
on the Locusts," etc., written in 1834 and privately published in 1839. 
Tiiis pamphlet of twenty-nine pages and one colored plate, represent- 
ing the insect in both sexes and also the early stages, together with 
the nature of its work on twigs, and anatomical details, was the chief 
source of information for the account published by Harris in his 
" Insects Injurious to Vegetation," and while containing some wrong 
inferences, gives with remarkable accuracy and detail observations on 
practically all of the features of the insect's life history and habits, 
which are open to easy study, not only in its underground existence, 
but throughout its transformation and aerial life. Professor Potter 
was evidently fully aware, not only of the two distinct sizes or varieties 
of the Cicada, but also of the depth to which the larva 1 penetrate and 
the fact of their forming roofs or turrets over their burrows some time 
before the period of their emergence — a record which has been hitherto 
overlooked and the credit for this discovery assigned to a much later 
period. 
In speaking thus most favorably of Professor Potters memoir it must 
not be forgotten that probably much of the actual observation and 
study upon which it is based are due to the research of Dr. Gideon B. 
Smith, of Baltimore, Md., who is given full credit in one of the intro- 
ductory paragraphs, in these words: "As our professional avocations 
would not permit us to devote our whole time to the pursuit, it became 
necessary to call in the aid of a colleague whose knowledge of ento- 
mology and industry could be relied upon. These qualifications were 
found and well exemplified in Mr. Gideon B. Smith. Should our labors 
reflect any light on so obscure a subject, the credit is equally due to 
him." These two men were the first to make a careful and at all com- 
plete study of the periodical Cicada, Professor Potter's interest in the 
subject dating, he says, from 1783, and great credit is due them, and 
especially to Dr. Smith, whose later work will be subsequently consid- 
ered. 
Several brief accounts of the Cicada appeared in American and for- 
eign publications about this time, adding nothing, however, to the 
facts already obtained, the most notable perhaps being the account by 
J. O. Westwood in his "Classification of Insects."'- in which he refers 
to the literature and habits of the species very briefly. 
Loc.cit., ser. 2, vol.3, pp.216-218. L839 I". Vol. II. i>. 126, 
