REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. 117 
years' study of this insect, and states that he lias located thirty dif- 
ferent locust districts, occupying fourteen of the seventeen years. 
Since he does not mention the 13-year race he was evidently unaware 
of its existence as late as 1851. 
From this time on until important publications by Walsh and Riley, 
a number of articles on the Cicada appeared, some of them of consider- 
able interest and value, and notably those by Miss Magaretta IF. Mor- 
ris, of German town, Pa., on the habits, times of appearance, and rav- 
ages occasioned by this insect, and Prof. Joseph Leidy on the fungous 
disease attacking the species. 1 Dr. J. 0. Fisher, in 1851, described as a 
distinct species Cicada cassinii, the small form referred to by several 
of the earlier authors, and to this paper was appended comparative 
notes on the habits of the two forms by John Cassin. 2 About this 
time, 1851-52, also appeared the very complete account by Dr. Harris 
in his "Insects of Xew England," and also some anatomical studies of 
the sexual system and musical apparatus by Dr. W. 1. Burnett. In 
185(3 Dr. Asa Fitch, in his first report on the insects of Xew York, gives 
an extended account of the periodical Cicada, classifying or listing some 
nine broods, but not adding otherwise particularly to the knowledge of 
the insect. Several accounts of the species followed, including the 
noticeof a 13-year brood, which Dr. Phares claims to have published in 
the Republican, of AYoodville, Miss., May 5. 1858, under the title " Cicada 
tredecim" — the earliest published suggestion of this name for the 
13 year race. Xone of the other communications, including papers and 
notices by Fitch, Walsh, Glover, and Cook, are of great importance, if 
we except the reference by Glover to Smith already noted. 
The next step of real importance was the publication by Walsh and 
Riley in the first volume of the American Entomologist of a very full 
and illustrated editorial account, in which the 13-year species is char- 
acterized and the 13-year period for the southern broods is fully estab- 
lished and a register of some sixteen broods is given. Professor Riley 
in his First Missouri Report reproduces this article with the additions 
to the broods derived chietiy from the manuscript memoir by Dr. Smith, 
which had been in the meantime communicated to him by Dr. J. G. 
Morris, of Baltimore, Md. In this paper Professor Riley revised and 
renumbered the broods, increasing their number to twenty-two. Pro- 
fessor Riley's classification of the broods, and the details of the life 
history and habits of the insect, as given by Walsh and Riley in the 
American Entomologist, and later by Riley in his report, have been 
accepted as the chief source of information since. 
From the date of these articles until 1885, the additions to the liter- 
ature are chietiy of records bearing on the distribution of the broods, 
furnished notably by Rathvon, McOutcheon, Riley, Le Baron, Glover. 
Phares. Packard. Lintner, and many others. 
1 Described by C. H. Peck as Massoapora cicadina in 31st Sept. N. Y. State Mas. 
Nat. Hist. 1879, pp. 19, 20, and U. 
-Proc. Acad. Nat. So. Phila. 1851, Vol. V. pp. 273-275. 
