21 
the other, and so placed that they are one-third the circumference of 
the main pipe apart, will be found, I think, most serviceable in your 
groves. Such a bunch working from the center of an ordinary-sized 
tree will envelop it in a perfect ball of mist. 
For tall trees a more forcible stream might be had from the end by 
substituting an ordinary jet with a wire extension. This is a recent 
device first brought to my attention by Mr. A. H. Nixon, of Dayton, 
Ohio, and for sending a fine spray for a great distance it has advan- 
tages. It is simply an extension screwed over an ordinary nipple, the 
end of the tube being covered with wire netting, which breaks up the 
liquid forced through it. The brass nipple should be about one inch 
in length, the perforation very true and varying in diameter according 
to the force of spray desired. The nipple screws on the discharge pipe, 
and upon a shoulder threaded for the purpose is screwed a chamber or 
tube about one inch in diameter and three inches long, to the outer end 
of which is soldered a piece of wire gauze varying in size of mesh to 
suit the force of pump and the size of aperture in nipple. 
Finally, if a service of blind caps and several sets of cyclone nozzle 
caps of varying aperture are kept on hand, the spraying may be ad- 
justed at will to condition of wind, size of tree, &c. 
Your worthy president has very well remarked that what we want is 
not generalization, but hard facts and experience presented in the 
simplest and briefest manner. If I have dealt somewhat with princi- 
ples rather than with details, I shall look for your excuse in the fact 
that extended experience presents such a multiplicity of details as to 
warn me from entering into them. 
FUMIGATION. 
Fumigating trees will always have, cceteris par thus, some disadvantage 
as compared with spraying. The mechanism is more cumbersome ; the 
time required for treatment and the first cost in making preparation 
greater, and these facts will always give spraying the advantage with 
small proprietors and those who are dealing with young trees. Sulphur 
fumes have been tried, but they burn the leaves and injure the tree. 
Tobacco smoke and vapor fail to kill the eggs. Ammonia is excellent, 
but fails to kill all, though I have known the most beneficial results from 
the ammonia arising from sheep manure used as a fertilizer in apple 
orchards. Bisulphide of carbon has been tried, and with great care in 
getting the right quantity its vapor will kill the insects without killing 
the tree ; but its application requires too much time and is fraught with 
more or less risk to man. This is equally true of cyanide of potassium 
and of other substances the vapors from which are known to be very 
deadly to insect life. It will be difficult, therefore, to find a mode of 
fumigating that will be harmless to the tree and deadly to the insects, 
and at the same time as rapidly and easily applied as a spray. 
