21 
in the ear in a large breeding cage, care being taken not to excite the 
worms during the proeess. The second day following the ear was ex- 
amined, and one of the larvae was found feeding upon another, the 
third having been already devoured. This was a clear case, and no 
farther observations were made upon this point. 
PUPA. 
When full grown the larva goes into the earth for pupation. The 
process of burrowing, making the cell, and pupating occupies about 
two or three days for the spring and summer weather. In October and 
November often ten days or two weeks are spent in the cell before pu- 
pating. The records of pupae from some of the larvae reared are tabu- 
lated for reference in Table XI I. 
Table XII. — Record of observed pupce. 
Number. 
Pupated. 
Issued. 
Length 
of papal 
state. 
Color of 
larva. 
Color of moth. 
Earth. 
Depth. 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
Mav 23 
June 8 
June 4 
June 8 
June 8 
Missing. 
June 15 
June 25 
June 15 
June 22 
June 26 
July 17 
July 13 
July 22 
June 4 
June 17 
June 13 
June 17 
June 18 
June 20 
June 25 
Julv 6 
June 24 
Julv 2 
Julv 6 
July 26 
July 24 
July 31 
Bays. 
12 
9 
9 
9 
10 
Surface . . . 
Rose 
Olivaceous 
. do 
...do . 
^inch .... 
Green... 
...do.... 
...do 
Dark 
Dry 
do 
Moist.. . 
| inch 
§ inch 
do 
10 
11 
9 
11 
10 
9 
11 
9 
...do.... 
...do 
Moist.. . 
...do .... 
1£ inches . 
...do.... 
...do.... 
Dark 
do 
Dry .... 
Surface . . . 
Dark 
n 
Dry.... 
.. .do 
Surface . . . 
...do .... 
Olivaceous 
Wet moss. 
The average length of the pupal state for the thirteen specimens re- 
corded is ten days, with a range from nine to twelve days. For the 
months of May, June, July, and August this time is correct, but late 
in August, September, October, and November the length of the pupal 
state becomes variable. As an example of this variability may be re- 
corded the following: Some eggs hatched August 26 and the larva 1 fed 
until October 9, a larval period of forty-four days. October 9 two 
pupae were obtained. One of these hatched December 12 of the same 
year, after a papal stage of sixty-four days. The remaining pupae 
issued May 1 of the following year, a pupal state of 208 days. In 1891 
quite a number of larvae pupated about the middle of October. Two 
thirds of the number issued after a month, while some were kept over 
winter. 
The manner of pupation is by no means constant. In the tield the 
normal method is to burrow at an angle to a depth of 2 or 3 inches, 
then to form a cell upward from the end of the burrow. In this cell 
the pupa rests upon its posterior end in a vertical position. Loose 
earth sparsely webbed together partially tills the burrow tor almost, it' 
