MOSQUITOES \M> YKI.I.nw I I \ BR. 17 
against other culicids, and comprised the drainage of a large swamp 
and the other usual measures. The initial expense amounted to 
50,000 francs ($9,650), and the annual expenses since have amounted 
to a I .out 18,300 francs ($3,532). 
The results may be summarized about as follow-: since the be- 
ginning of L903 the ordinary mosquitoes have disappeared from 
[smailia. since the autumn of L903 not a single larva of Anopheles 
has been found in the protected zone, which extends to the west for 
a distance of l.ooo meters from (he first houses in (he Arabian 
quarter ami to the east for a distance of L,800 meters from the first 
houses in the European quarter. After L902 malarial i'v\r\- obviously 
began to decrease, and since L903 not a single new case of malaria 
has been found in [smailia. 
A very efficient piece of antimalarial work was accomplished in 
Havana during the American occupation of 1901 to L902, incidental 
in a way to the 1 work against yellow fever. An Anopheles brigade 
of workmen was organized under the sanitary officer, Doctor Gorgas, 
for work along the small streams, irrigated gardens, and similar 
places in the suburbs, and numbered from 50 to 300 men. No exten- 
sive drainage, such as would require engineering skill, was attempted, 
and the natural streams and gutters were simply cleared of obstruc- 
tions and grass, while superficial ditches were made through the irri- 
gated meadows. Among' the suburban truck gardens Anopheles bred 
(very where, in the little puddles of water, cow track's, horse tracks, 
and similar depressions in grassy ground. Little or no oil was used 
by the Anopheles brigade, since it Avas found in practice a simple 
matter to drain these places. At the end of the year it was very diffi- 
cult to find water containing mosquito larvae anywhere in the suburbs, 
and the effect upon malarial statistics was striking. In 1900, the 
year before the beginning of the mosquito work, there were 325 
deaths from malaria; in 1901, the first year of the mosquito work, 
171 deaths; in 190*2, the second year of mosquito work, 77 deaths. 
Since 1 '.>()•_> there has been a gradual though slower decrease, as fol- 
low-: L903, :>1 : 1901. I I : L905, 32; 190G, 20; 1907, 2:^>. These results, 
although Less striking than (hose from Ismailia, involved a smaller 
expense in money and -how surely an annual saving of 800 lives, and 
undoubtedly a corresponding decrease in the number of malarial 
case-, which may be estimated upon our earlier basis at something 
less than 40.000. 
YELLOW FEVER. 
Yellow fever ha- prevailed endemically throughout the AVest In- 
dies and in certain regions on the Spanish Main virtually since the 
discovery of America. Barbados, Jamaica, and Cuba suffered 
epidemics before the middle of the seventeenth century. There were 
B3434— BvlL 7S- -09 3 
