36 
INSECTS INJUBIOUS TO FORESTS. 
mes), wherein, however, there may be several true queens in the 
one colony and where polygamy exists. In insects supposed to 
represent the most primitive, or lowest and least developed, types 
this is a rather complex metamorphosis. Here also there is much 
variation in the life cycle and no strict rule is followed. (See chart.) 
Apparently the individual development is entirely subservient to the 
needs of the colony. This ability of adaptation of individual to 
circumstance leads to a complex economy. 
A representation 1 of some of the successive stages in the development of the various forms 
or castes in the life cycle of Leucotermes flavipes Kollar as found in colonies in the eastern 
United States. All these reproductive forms are not present in the same colony at the 
same time. 
(A) 
(1) Young, undifferentiated larvae. 
(B)(2) Large-headed larvae that (3) Larvae that wi 
will not mature sexual or- organs, 
gans. 
mature sexual (4) Reserves for emergency repro- 
ductive forms. 
(C) (5) Larvae of 
soldiers. 
(6) Lar v ae of 
workers. 
(D) (7) Soldiers. (8) Workers. 
(9) Nymphs of 
the first form 
with long 
wing pads. 
(12) W inged, 
p ig men ted, 
sexed adults. 
(10) Nymphs 
of second form 
(Lespes) with 
short wing 
pads. 
(11) Reserves for emergency 
productive forms. 
(13) The true (14) Nymphal (15) Nymphal (16) Larval 
royal pair, neoteinic sub- emergency emergency 
with wing stitute repro- substitute substitute 
stubs. ductive forms. reproductive reproductive 
forms. forms. 
1 See correlated forms of Leucotermes lucifugus Rossi. Grassi, B., Ein weiterer Beitrag zur Kenntnis des 
Termitenreiches. Zool. Anz, Bd. 12, No. 311, pp. 355-361, July 8, 1889. "Ubersicht der im Termitenstaate 
vorkommenden Formen- Termes lucifugus, p. 360); id., Ein weiterer Beitrag zur kenntniss der Termiten- 
reiches. Ent. Nachr., Jahrg. 15, No. 14, pp. 213-219, July, 1889; Holmgren,N ., Termitenstudien 3. Syste- 
matic der Termiten-Die Familie Metatermitida?. K. Svenska Vetensk. Akad. Handl., Bd. 48, No. 4, 
p. 148, Scheme B, Uppsala & Stockholm, 1912 (table showing parallel evolution and at what molts changes 
or development occur). 
PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NYMPHS. 
Colonies of Leucotermes spp. in the northeastern United States are 
dormant during the winter, the insects retiring to the more remote 
a. John. O. Notes on some termites from Ceylon. Spolia Zeylanica, v. 9, pt. 34, 
p. 102-116, 1913. 
Riley, C. V. Termite economy. Proc. Biol. Soc, Wash., v. 9, p. 71-74, April, 
1894. 
Escherich, K. Termitenleben auf Ceylon, Jena, 1911, p. 45-46. 
