BIOLOGY OF THE TERMITES OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES. 17 
summary of the various writings on termites up to 1901. Escherich a 
gives a resume of the more important work up to 1909, and also an ex- 
tensive bibliography. Holmgren's treatise 6 deals with anatomy, sys- 
tematic classification, development, and biology, and gives a summary 
of the effect of the social life, as shown in the progressive and retro- 
gressive development of termites. Bugnion c > d has recently made 
observations that lead him to state that (in Eutermes lacustris 
Bugnion and Termes spp.) the differentiation of the three castes 
occurs in the embryo. Feytaud e has published an account of the 
life history of Leucotermes lucifugus Rossi, a species closely related 
to our common species of the eastern United States. His observa- 
tions confirm those of Heath on the same species in this country. 
He also made studies of the internal anatomy. The more important 
contributions to our knowledge of termites are the results of re- 
searches by Bobe-Moreau, Bugnion, Czervinski, Desneux, Doflein, 
Drummond, Escherich, Feytaud, Froggatt, Grassi and Sandias, 
Hagen, Haldemann, Haviland, Holmgren, Jehring, Latreille, Leidy, 
Lespes, Fritz Mtiller, Perez, Perris, Petch, Rosen, Savage, Silvestri, 
Sjostedt, Smeathman, Wasmann, and many others. In the United 
States, Banks, Buckley, Hagen, Heath, Howard, Hubbard, Joutel, 
Knower, Marlatt, Porter, Schaeffer, Schwarz, Scudder, Stokes, Strick- 
land, and Wheeler have contributed to the knowledge of the habits 
of our native species. The following paragraph gives a brief resume 
of the more important researches on the biology of the common 
species of Leucotermes in the United States. 
H. A. Hagen contributed several articles on the habits of flavipes, 
and has described forms f> found by the late Mr. H. G. Hubbard, of 
the Division of Entomology. Hubbard, many of whose unpublished 
notes are herein included, was the first to find royal individuals, both 
a Escherich, K. Die Termiten . . . erne biologische Studie, p. 2-7, Leipzig, 
1909. 
b Holmgren, N. Termitenstudien 3. Systematik der Termiten. Die Familie 
Metatermitidae. K. Svenska Vetensk. Akad, Handl., Bd. 48, No. 4, 166 p., Taf. 
1-4, Uppsala & Stockholm, 1912. 
Blick auf dem mutmasslichen, stammesgeschichtlichen Entwicklungsverlauf der 
Termiten, p. 129-153. 
Holmgren, N. Termitenstudien 2. Systematik der Termiten. K. Svenska 
Vetensk. Akad. HandL, Bd. 46, No. 6, pp. 86, Taf. 1-6, Uppsala & Stockholm, 1911. 
Ordnung Isoptera, p. 10-11. 
c Bugnion, E. La differenciation des castes chez les termites [Nevr.]. Bui. Soc. 
Ent. France, 1913, no. 8, p. 213-218, April 23, 1913. 
d Bugnion, E. Les termites de Ceylan. Le Globe: Memoires, Soc. Geog. Geneva, 
t. 52, p. 24-58, 1913. 
e Loc. cit. 
/Hagen, H. A. The probable danger from white ants. Amer. Nat., v. 10, No. 7, 
p. 401-410, July, 1876. 
9 Riley, C. V. Social insects from psychical and evolutional points of view. Proc. 
PAL Soc. Wash., v. 9, p. 1-74, figs. 12, April, 1894. 
