54 INSECTS INJUEIOUS TO FORESTS, 
old, well-established colonies there is apparently no definite perma- 
nent royal cell, these forms inhabit the subterranean passages in 
wood or in the earth below the frost line during the winter. During 
the warm months, probably to facilitate the processes of reproduc- 
tion and development of the young, they inhabit the passages in 
decaying wood above ground. The occurrence of true royal pairs 
is not rare, a but supplementary or neoteinic reproductive forms are 
apparently more common in colonies. 
HISTORICAL. 
The following is a historical record, in chronological sequence, of 
the occurrence of reproductive forms in colonies of Leucotermes 
jlavipes and L. virginicus in the United States, together with notes on 
the conditions under which they were found. 
The first queens of Jlavipes taken h in the United States were found 
by the late H. G. Hubbard in a colony in Florida and were of the 
neoteinic type, or supplementary form, with short wing pads. Hub- 
bard also found the first neoteinic kings, although he makes no men- 
tion of them and may not have recognized the fact that he had found 
both sexes of neoteinic reproductive forms. Some of the neoteinic 
queens that Hubbard collected are deposited in the Hagen collection 
at Cambridge, Mass., but most of the specimens are in the collection 
of the United States National Museum. The number of specimens now 
present in the vials at the museum is probably not as great as when 
originally collected, since Hubbard gave certain of the royal individuals 
to Hagen. Hubbard's note, dated " Enterprise, Fla., May 19, 1875," 
recording the finding of the first reproductive forms in the United 
States, reads: " Termes jlavipes (determined by Hagen), females with 
their eggs from small, rotten log in road near lake shore; females not 
in separate cells, several together." [This vial also contained two 
supplementary kings and nymphs of the first form.] Another note 
dated April 4, 1882, Crescent City, Fla., reads: "Termes jlavipes, 
nymphs, queens, and eggs from galleries in pine log; Trichopsenius 
and Anacyptus were found in this nest." [A neoteinic king was also 
present in the vial.] A note dated "May 11, 1883, Crescent City, 
Fla., in pitch pine," is in a vial containing 11 neoteinic queens, 5 neo- 
teinic kings, and 631 eggs with the embryos in various stages of de- 
velopment. [Nymphs of the first form were also present in this vial.] 
a It was formerly thought that true queens did not exist in colonies in the United 
States and Europe (proper). According to E. A. Schwarz (Termitidae observed in 
southwestern Texas in 1895. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., v. 4, no. 1, p. 38-42, Nov. 
5, 1896), there are but few permanent nests, headed by true royalty, of Leucotermes, 
due to the wandering habit of the genus; that is, the frequent moving of colonies 
would necessitate such rarity. 
& Hagen, H. A. The probable danger from white ants. Amer. Nat., v. 10, p. 401- 
410, July, 1876. See p. 405. 
