60 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FORESTS. 
On the same day a single nymph of the second form was taken in a 
small colony under a strip of chestnut bark compactly pressed into 
the ground; this nymph was associated with nymphs of the first form. 
In two other colonies single nymphs of the second form were found 
associated with sexed adults under the bark on decaying chestnut 
stumps. Normally, but relatively few nymphs of the second form, 
as compared to nymphs of the first form, are present in colonies. 
In another colony about one dozen nymphs of the second form, 
one of which was molting, were found associated with adults with 
pigmentation in various stages of development to maturity. A few 
of the latter with mature pigmentation had only one pair of wings 
unfolded, whereas others were present with the wings at the tips 
still compactly folded. 
In a near-by colony, nymphs of the second form that had com- 
pleted the final molt were present with sexed adults, but unlike the 
foregoing they are darker, some being pigmented. Very young 
larvae were present in the outer layers of the wood. The acquisi- 
tion of pigmentation in neoteinic royalty apparently is a sign of 
maturity and old age. 
On May 27, 1912, 40 neoteinic forms, for the most part fertilized 
queens, together with females in which the abdomen was not greatly 
distended, were found in the more solid wood of a decaying chestnut 
slab on the ground. (PI. XII, fig. 2.) Smaller forms, males, with the 
abdomen not oblong or distended were present in the colony. Most 
of these forms were congregated in the longitudinal royal chamber, 
in which young were also present. According to Grassi, a in case of 
lucifugus, "The colony must therefore rear fresh (complementary) 
kings every year [?], which become mature in August and Septem- 
ber, fertilize the queens, and die." In colonies in Virginia neoteinic 
reproductive forms of jiavipes are being developed from nymphs of 
the second form during April and May and are matured by May to 
June. In case of virginicus these reproductive forms are matured 
by July to August. There is a seasonal variation. There is no 
conclusive evidence that the kings do not five as long as the queens. 
They are not always present with the queens in colonies, but being 
so much more active are more likely to elude capture. 
Two sexed adults, a royal couple, were captured by C. T. Greene 
at Falls Church, on November 12, in the frass in an old burrow of 
Prionoxystus robinise Peck, in the base of a living chestnut tree. 
Three royal individuals were present in the frass, and were located 
from 2 to 3 inches deep in the burrow. Four to six (at most) young- 
were present, and, according to Mr. Greene, apparently all were 
workers. 
a Grassi, B., and Sandias, A., op. cit., p. 298. 
