SYSTEMATIC POSITION AND RELATIONSHIPS. 55 
safely identified from the appearance of the scale covering and with- 
out being prepared for microscopical study. 
Three varieties of the San Jose scale have been designated, none of 
which are valid. Of these Aspidioftus pemiciosus var. alboptinctatiis 
Cldl. was described from twigs of a supposed orange seedling sent 
from Japan and stopt by Air. Craw in his quarantine work in San 
Francisco. The twigs are thorny and may possibly be of the trifoliate 
orange or of some orange seedling, but whether of ordinary orange 
or tangerine or some other horticultural variety can not be determined. 
From the extreme unlikelihood of the San Jose scale attacking ordi- 
nary orange, the probability is very strong that these seedlings were 
either trifoliate or of the mandarin or tangerine types. At any rate, 
the scale itself is typical San Jose scale, and there is no basis what- 
ever for tl e separation of these specimens as a variety. The character 
on which the variety was founded, namely, the white dot surrounded 
by a black ring marking the exuvia. is a feature which may be very 
commonly found in the San Jose scale from any source. 
The other variety established by Mr. Cockerell is his Aspidiotus 
p, miciosus var. andromelas, first described in California Fruit Grower, 
June 5, 1897, on a plant labeled "" Phmtenia glauca" from Japan, also 
received from Mr. Craw. This variety is also based on the character 
of the covering scale, and is described as wholly black without any 
light dot and ring, a condition which is easily produced by rubbing or 
otherwise accidentally and may occur anywhere. 
A third synonym of the San Jose scale is Maskell's species Aspi- 
diotus fusca, described in the New Zealand Transactions, Volume 
XXVII, page -13, 1891:. figures 6-9. Plate I. This insect was described 
from material collected in Australia on peach; and from Maskell's own 
figures and account of it, and also from the study made by Leonardi 
in Italy, and from the later note on the subject by Maskell himself in 
the Canadian Entomologist, it is evident that this species was based 
on material representing the last stage of the female of pemiciosus^ 
but before the secretionary supplement had been much if any devel- 
oped, so that the second exuvium was still larger than the newly 
molted insect. This point can not, of course, be fully determined 
without an examination of type material, but there is very little doubt 
in the writer's mind of the correctness of this reference. 
A fourth variety is Aspidiotus ^pemiciosus var. eucalypti Fuller. 
A study of material received from Fuller of this variety indicates that 
it should not be referred to the San Jose scale at all, but is a good 
distinct species belonging to the genus Aonidiella, and the name 
becomes Aonidiella eucalypti Fuller. 
Xo valid varieties or subspecies of the San Jose scale have therefore 
been found, and all of the points of infestation now known can be 
traced directly to the Chinese origin of the scale. 
