12 THE SAX JOSE OR CHIXESE SCALE. 
acre to 2 or 3 acres in extent. These are trained low on over- 
head trellises (PI. Ill), and at a short distance look like vineyards. 
There are several districts where such orchards occur in considerable 
numbers. These orchards are very ancient, many of them having 
trees more than one hundred years old. If the San Jose scale were 
native to Japan it would occur in these pear orchards, the pear being- 
one of the favorite food plants of this scale insect. 
In northern Japan, including the island of Hokkaido, and the northern 
end of the main island. Hondo, apple raising- has been introduced in 
modern times very much on the lines followed in this country. Prior 
to the opening- of Japan to foreign commerce and exploration the 
apple as an edible fruit was unknown in that country. The orchards 
in northern Japan are chiefly, therefore, of American origin and rep- 
resent American varieties. Most of the stock came from California, 
and much of it was undoubtedly infested with San Jose scale when it 
was received. There is, therefore, thruout these northern apple 
orchards a mild infestation with this scale. The Japanese are very 
enthusiastic in their efforts to gain all the benefits of western civiliza- 
tion, and this is shown in horticultural as well as in other fields. The 
three leading nurseries, therefore, of Japan have been very active dur- 
ing the last twenty or thirty years in importing the different varieties 
of pear, peach, and apple from America, and all three of these nursery 
districts have become infested with San Jose scale, evidently from such 
importations from California, where the scale has been widely dis- 
tributed for thirty years. Outside these nurseries, however, in cen- 
tral and southern Japan, the San Jose scale did not occur, except where 
it had been introduced on new stock from the nurseries referred to. 
The old native pear orchards were free from scale, except where 
replants had been made of American varieties, or new native stock, to 
fill in breaks in the orchards. The infestation was very often just 
beginning and immediately surrounded the replants. In all Japan, 
therefore, in the little house gardens and temple grounds where were 
cherry, plum, and other trees suitable for San Jose scale, this insect 
did not occur, except where the evidence was very plain of its recent 
introduction as indicated. Without going into details of the evidence, 
it is sufficient to say that the conditions in Japan, arc essentially the 
same as in this country. The San Jose scale is a recent comer. It 
was. in fact, not known in Japan prior to the year L897, when its 
presence there was first determined, hut it has now been scattered 
pretty widely by nursery stock, exactly as in this country, and occurs 
under similar conditions; in other words, only where it has been 
recently introduced. The investigation showed very distinctly that 
Japan could nol he considered responsible for the San Jose scale. 
The results and conclusions arrived at by the writer were after- 
wards fully confirmed by a very thoro and painstaking explora- 
