EXPLORATIONS IN JAPAN. 11 
Economic Entomologists in 1899, a showing that at best the evidence 
left the question open. That this scale insect probably had its original 
home in China or Japan seemed, however, to be prett} T conclusively 
indicated by the process of exclusion of other countries. Mr. 
Koebele's investigations of the Asiatic tropical regions and Australia 
and New Zealand had been f airlj T thoro, yet without finding it on native 
plants, and, furthermore, it was not known to occur in South Africa. 
The evidence pointing toward Japan and China was further empha- 
sized by the fact that the San Jose scale is, by its relationship and dis- 
tribution, an insect of the temperate regions rather than of the Tropics. 
EXPLORATIONS IN EASTERN ASIA. 
With the hope of settling the disputed point of the origin of the 
San Jose scale, and, if the native home of the species were discovered, 
to study, collect, and import beneficial insects to control this pest in 
America, the writer, in 1901-2, made a trip of exploration in Japan, 
China, ^and other Eastern countries, lasting over a year. The accom- 
panying map (PI. II) illustrates the regions explored. Six months 
were devoted to a very thoro exploration of the different islands of 
the Japanese Empire, and three months to China, with shorter periods 
in other regions. The explorations in China and Japan are the only 
ones which bear especially on the San Jose scale problem. 
EXPLORATIONS IX JAPAN. 
During the time spent in Japan, from April to September, 1901, 
the writer visited some forty-two provinces, and explored all the prin- 
cipal islands, representing a stretch in latitude the equivalent of from 
northern Maine to Florida. Altogether these explorations enabled 
him to make a pretty correct judgment on the San Jose scale problem 
in Japan. Japan is not especially a horticultural country. Her com- 
paratively enormous population of 46,000,000 compels the growth of 
cereals and other necessities of life wherever possible. Very little 
land, therefore, is devoted to fruit raising, and fruits are considered 
as luxuries. Nevertheless, practically every dwelling house in Japan 
has a little doory ard or kitchen garden in which are single examples 
of cherry, plum, peach, persimmon, and other trees. Furthermore, 
the roadways and temple grounds and streets are lined with cherry 
and plum trees, planted for bloom and ornament and not for fruit 
There are orchard districts in Japan of limited extent. In northern 
and central Japan there are a few peach orchards and a few orchards 
of native pears, and in southern Japan small orchards of orange, 
pomelo, walnut, and other fruits. In old Japan the chief deciduous 
fruit is a native pear grown in small patches of from a fraction of an 
«See Bui. No. 20, new series, Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric., pp. 36-39, 1899. 
