REMEDIAL MEASURES. 
63 
from large vineyardists concerning the undesirability of suspending 
horse hoeing until so late a date. In 1907 we saw many hundreds 
of acres of vineyard in the condition shown in Plate V, figure 1, in 
which cultivation had been suspended to await the development of 
the pupae. Under normal conditions this cultivation would have 
been performed several weeks earlier, and since early and thorough 
tillage is essential to good vineyard management, it is not well to 
place entire reliance on this operation to control the pest. Never- 
theless it is an operation that should be utilized whenever soil and 
moisture conditions will permit, and these are most favorable in 
sandy and gravelly soils and in seasons of moderate rainfall during 
the month of June. The most beneficial results from this operation 
are obtained by horse hoeing as deeply as possible without scraping 
the roots, followed by thorough and deep hand hoeing around the 
crown of the vine, at which point by far the greater number of pupse 
are to be found. 
During this investigation we have never felt warranted in placing 
entire dependence upon this method of destroying pupae to control 
this pest, but have regarded it as a valuable supplementary aid 
obtained by a slight modification of general vineyard practice at no 
additional expense to the vineyardist and that other means mus; he 
employed to destroy the beetles developing from pupae which escape 
destruction by this method. Since we were unable to find vineyard- 
ists with heavily infested vines who were willing to allow us to con- 
duct an experiment covering several acres for several consecutive 
seasons, depending entirely on the destruction of pupae by cultivation, 
it is impossible to present definite data as to the exact value of this 
treatment. 
EFFECT OF POISON SPRAYS ON THE BEETLE IN THE FIELD. 
The use of poison sprays against the beetles of the grape root-worm 
after they have emerged from the soil and commenced to feed upon 
the foliage of grapevines has been recommended by many ento- 
mologists since the insect has become of economic importance as a 
vineyard pest. 
Extensive experiments with arsenicals were made by Webster in 
Ohio in 1S95, and also by Slingerland and Felt in Chautauqua County, 
N. Y., in a number of field experiments conducted during the seasons 
from 1902 to 1906. 
Although in many of these experiments the results obtained indi- 
cated a considerable degree of benefit from the use of arsenical poi- 
sons, especially in those made by Slingerland from 1904 to 1900, there 
has always been an element of doubt as to the value of arsenical 
sprays applied to the vines as a direct and rapid killing agent of the 
beetles. The inference has been drawn by some experimenters that 
