FUNNELS MAIjK ABOVE GROUND. 
The natural history and transformations ofthespeci 
scribed in the standard works of both Harris and Fitch, and in this 
connection I will merely mention a few facts not recorded by these au- 
thors. 
Mr. 8. 8. Rathvon, of Lancaster, Pa., who has himself witnessed four 
of their periodical visits, at intervals of seventeen years, discovered the 
following very ingenious provision which the pupae Fig. _'. a made. 
iu 1868, in localities that were low or flat, and in which the drain- 
age was imperfect. He says: •■ We had a series of heavy raius here- 
about the time of their first appearance, ami in such places and under 
such circumstances the pupae would continue their galleries from \ 
inches above ground (Fig. 3, a full view, b sectional view), leaving an 
orifice of egress even with the surface (Fig. 3, e). In the upper end of 
these chambers the pupa? would be found awaiting their approaching 
time of change (Fig. 3, c). They 
would then back down to below 
the level of the earth, as at d, and 
issuing forth from the orifice, 
would attach themselves to the 
first object at hand and undergo 
their transformations in the usu- 
al manner." Mr. Eat h von kind- 
ly furnished me with one of these 
elevated chambers, from which 
the accompanying drawings were 
made. It measured about 4 inches 
in length, with a diameter on the 
inside of five-eighths of an inch, 
and on the outside of about 1^ 
inches. It was slightly bent at 
the top and sufficiently hard to 
carry through the mail without breaking. The inside was roughened 
with the imprints of the spices with which the fore legs of the builder 
are armed. In a field that was being plowed near Saint Louis, about the 
time of their ascent, i found that single, straight or bent, chambers 
were the most common, though there were sometimes several branching 
near the surface from a main chamber below, each of the branches con- 
taining a pupa. The same observations have been made by other 
parties. These holes are cylindrical and arc evidently made by ap] 
ing the earth on all sides and throwing the refuse to the bottom, which 
must be quite a feat when they penetrate hard roads or come i; 
tween two rocks, as they frequently (\o. 
The larva- arc frequently found at a great depth, notwithstanding the 
denial of the tact. Thus, .Mr. Henry Sadorus, oi' Port Byron. 111., who 
built a house m 1853, found that they came up through the bottom of his 
cellar in 1854, the cellar being over 5 feet deep, and Mi. F. Guy, of 
Fii.. 3. — Seveuteen-vear Cicada : Galleiiea made by 
pupa: a. front view: e. orifice: b. section : c, pupa 
awaiting time of change; (/. pupa ready t>> trans- 
form, i After Riley.) 
