84 
THE PUPA. 
The pupa is similar in color and form to those of the vast series of 
other Noctuid moths, and consequently is very difficult to describe hi 
a way which will permit of positive identification. The following- 
description is condensed from one drawn up by Mr. Girault based on 
a large number of specimens. 
DESCRIPTION OF PUPA. 
(PL XII, fig. 4.) 
Length, 14 to 23.4 mm., excluding the cremaster; average, 18.97. Body shining 
reddish brown, darker above the incisions; the head, spiracles, and cremaster with a 
very dark median line above Avhich fades out behind; wing covers often paler. 
Head finely transversely roughened, with several oblique stride. Toward the 
middle line in front of the insertion of the antennae are two short delicate setae aris- 
ing from minute punctures, and just before the hind margin is an indistinct cres- 
centic impression. Just before the insertion of the antennae are three more or less 
distinct longitudinal lines reaching as far as the eye. 
Thorax more densely corrugated than the head, with a more or less distinct median 
carina which shows from above as a darker median line. Prothorax impressed along 
the anterior margin and bearing behind the middle a pair of minute median setiger- 
ous punctures placed on minute depressed rotato-rugose pim- 
ples; also a similar setigerous puncture just in front of the spir- 
acle. Mesothoracic dorsum at anterior third, with a more or less 
distinct coalescent pair of raised roughened areas; a margined 
setigerous i^uncture toward the lateral margin; behind these at 
the base of the wing covers are four shallow fove^, three of them 
sometimes placed in a triangle. Middle of dorsum with two 
more or less distinct, short, diverging furrows on each side. 
Metathoracic dorsum irregularly corrugate, more finely sculp- 
tured on the lateral lobes, with a setigerous puncture near the 
Fig. 9.— Enlarged base, central to the lobes, with covers very finely and irregularly 
caudal end of gdilptm-ed, highly pohshed. 
pupa (ongma ). Abdomen above irregularly transversely aciculate, the anterior 
margins of segments 4-7 coarsely punctured above, and of segments 5-7 below: 
eighth and following segments connate, the last bearing the cremaster at its apex. 
Tipobliquelytrunc-ate below; penultimate segment with a similar raised spaceless 
sharply divided at the middle. 
Cremaster consisting of two slightly curved spines, their extreme tips bent at right 
angles; very dark on basal half and paler distally (see fig. 9). Length, 0.9-1.24 mm. 
The weight of 21 pupa? of the second generation freshly dug out of 
the soil was 9.2tl: grams or 0.14 gram each, 6L of them together weigh- 
ing an ounce. 
LENGTH OF THE PUPAL STAGE. 
The time passed in the ground after the larva has made its burrow 
until the moth emerges varies from a period of less than two weeks 
for the summer broods to about six months in the case of the hiber- 
