Although the sudden change from summer temperature to freez- 
ing was quite abnormal, the difference in results from the three lots 
is very instructive with respect to the pupee in loose earth and those 
in the cells. Not a single pupa survived freezing in a broken cell, 
while a number successfully withstood it when resting in their cells. 
The effects of this cooling did not disappear at all on the pupae which 
had failed to emerge within a month after removal from cold storage, 
and they passed into winter hibernation. 
Later in the month the experiment was practically repeated with a 
box containing about thirty pupae, half of them in normally con- 
structed cells and the others buried under an inch of moist soil. The 
box was first cooled at a temperature of 34^ for twenty-four hours and 
then frozen at 27° for three days. No moths appeared until Decem- 
ber 10, when a male moth emerged. Four days later the pupa3 were 
examined and it was found that three live ones still remained in their 
pupal cells, while all those buried in loose earth had been killed. 
The effect of hot sunshine on pupae was tried during August, 1903, 
at Calvert, Tex. Three pupa?, two days old, were placed on the hot 
soil at noon where the sun shone on them and left for a period of ten 
minutes. On removal to normal surroundings at a subsequent exam- 
ination all were found to be dead, due, no doubt, to the heat. 
Experiments show, however, that pupae can withstand heat much 
more readily under conditions of great humidity. Twenty healthy 
pupae were covered with about half an inch of loose damp soil and left 
where the sun could strike them. During the next live days two 
good rains fell, after which the pupae were examined. Sixteen were 
alive, one was parasitized, and two were dead. On another occasion 
four pupae were placed in artificial cells in the laboratory garden where 
the sun could strike them and covered with a bell jar. In spite of the 
humid atmosphere and heat three perfect moths emerged. 
The moisture content of the soil does not seem to influence the 
length of the pupal stage. Of two boxes, each containing twenty 
X^upae in normal cells, one was watered and kept continually damp, 
while the other was left to dry. From the dry box there emerged 
thirteen moths, and from the whetted one, eleven, the pupal stage being 
nineteen days in each case. However this may be, it has been noticed 
that lots of pupae which have been under dry conditions until about 
ready to emerge will often do so more quickly if the ground be 
wetted. 
