When the pupal cells have been broken up the distance which the 
emerging moths can work their way through the soil depends almost 
entirel^^ on the consistency of the latter. Very loose, friable, sandy 
soil seems to offer no obstacle at all, as the following experiment will 
show. Two lots of nine pupie were placed in separate jars, buried 
beneath "2 and i inches, respectively, of dry, finely broken sandy 
loam. h\ each jar seven perfect and one imperfect moth emerged. If 
the earth is damp and packed down upon the pupae, either by rains or 
otherwise, the result is ver}^ different. One box centaining sixteen 
pup« covered with 1^ inches of soil and thoroughly wetted was allowed 
to dry hard. Only two perfect moths emerged, the three others which 
emerged failing to expand their wings. The others were found 
emljedded in the soil in their split pupa cases, from which they had 
been unable to escape. Other scattered observations show that from 
2i to 5 inches of moderatel}^ moist, heavy earth will almost entireh^ 
prevent the emergence of perfect moths. 
The effect of submergence under water was also tried upon pupa3 in 
cells and loose in the black soil of the sort occurring in the river bot- 
toms that are subject to yearh^ overflow. In each case the earth was 
covered to a depth of li inches with rain water. At normal summer 
temperatures the pupa3 could not withstand twent3^-four hours' sub- 
mergence, but in the ice box, at a temperature of from 50^ to 60^ F., 
they were unharmed by from four to six days' submergence. 
MORTALITY DURING THE PUPAL STAGE. 
Under normal conditions mortality during the pupal stage is but 
slight, although a number of larvae die in their underground cells before 
pupating. In a lot of fort}^ larvae entering the soil during the latter 
part of July, onl}" twent^^-four, or 60 per cent, emerged, while of larva? 
which successfully pupate from 80 to 90 per cent usually emerge. 
The mortality among the hibernating pupae under normal conditions 
must be very m«ch greater. In one case twenty-five larva? nearlv or 
quite full grown were placed in a box with food on October 30, 1903, 
and the box sunk level with the soil, at Hetty, Tex. No moths having 
emerged by June 2, 1901, the pupae were exhumed and only two live 
ones found, one of which later failed to emerge. Traces of five others 
were found. Of a second lot, ^yq larvae entering the soil at Victoria, 
Tex. , November 5, 1903, not a single one survived the winter. In a 
third lot at Calvert, Tex., consisting of seven pupae buried in loose 
earth, Novemb>er 3, 1903, but two survived the winter, while of twenty- 
five larvae left to pupate at the same time, ten had pupated and sur- 
vived. The results shown all point to a much greater mortality for 
this generation, although much seems to depend on local conditions. 
