28 
establishment in Canada for at least eighteen years indicating its 
adaptability to a cold climate. It will perhaps not extend farther 
south than the Upper Austral life area, and for a number of years at 
least would be most injurious in the more northern portion of that 
zone and in the Transition. There is little doubt that it will in time 
spread westward, and may some day become a pest in the celen^ fields 
of Michigan. 
OCCURRENCE IN CANADA. 
The first record of the occurrence of the carrot rust fly in America 
appears to be that published by Dr. Fletcher, who. as already remarked, 
has written all that has hitherto been known of the occurrence of this 
species on this continent. In 1885 carrots purchased in the market at 
Ottawa were seen to be much mined by small white maggots, which 
proved by rearing to be the carrot fly (Rpt. Ent., Dept. Agr. , Can., 
1885. p. 15). In 1886 Dr. Fletcher found young plants of carrot 
in a garden at Ottawa badly attacked in the spring. The same year 
a great deal of damage was done, particularly to roots stored for 
the winter. Mr. F. B. Caulfield. an entomologist of Montreal, 
reported that in February, 1887. nearly all the carrots that he had 
seen exposed for sale were more or less attacked. At Nepean, On- 
tario, early carrots were badly attacked, nearly every root showing- 
signs of the insect's presence, two-thirds of the crop being seriously 
injured for the market (Rpt. Ent. and Bot.. Exp. Farms. Dom. of 
Can., for 1887 [18S8], p. 21).. 
In 1897 the species was reported as occasioning complaints during 
the previous ten or twelve years, chiefly in the Province of Xew 
Brunswick, but also in Ontario and Quebec. Attack is described as 
being a serious one, carrots stored for winter use being rendered use- 
less for the table from the discolored burrows of the numerous mag- 
gots which sometimes occur in a single root. 
In 1895 a correspondent at Rothsay. Kings County, N. B. . whose 
crop had suffered severely from the ravages of this insect, noticed that 
late sown carrots were less injured than those sown at the ordinary 
time. Late planting has since been recommended and adopted with 
considerable success (1. c. for 1897 [1898], pp. 19 -198). Specific men- 
tion is made of injury at Upper Sackville. Brookville, and Clifton. 
N. B. In the first locality injury was noticed in 1891 and 1895, at 
Brookville in 1895, and at Clifton for several years. In the last local- 
ity few carrots were raised "of late years on account of this pest." 
The following year (1. c. for 1898 [1899], pp. 193-194) specific injury 
to carrots at Xoulton and Ste. Marie, Quebec, was noticed. 
EUROPEAN LITERATURE OF THE INSECT. 
The original description of the carrot rust fly, by Fabricius. ap- 
peared in 1792 (Entomologica Systematica. Vol. IV, p. 356) and 
