50 
destroyed as soon as possible after hatching b}^ means of the bran- 
arsenic mash. 
Turkeys. — Prof. Lawrence Bruner, of Nebraska, states that tur- 
keys are useful in freeing orchards and vineyards of grasshoppers 
and they may be employed in other fields for the same purpose. In 
one case a flock of 766 turkeys was kept at work in the destruction of 
grasshoppers. The turkeys have to be watched, however, as they 
sometimes vary their diet with vegetables. 
Cooperation is of the greatest value in the treatment of grass- 
hoppers, particularly in regions where they reach their greatest 
development; and the thoroughness with which work is done in one 
year will show in the greatly reduced numbers with which the farmers 
will have to deal the next season. 
Many of the remedies that have been advised as remedies for grass- 
hoppers in general are applicable to the migratory forms, but these 
frequently occur in such immense swarms that it is practically impossi- 
ble to check them until the crops are destroyed. It is of the highest 
importance, therefore, that remedies be employed at the very first 
onset, and that these measures be generally observed over considerable 
territory, as the insects fly rapidly from one field to another. 
LEAF-MINERS. 
Three forms of maggots, the young of small two-winged flies, more 
or less resembling the common house fly, mine the leaves of beets and 
spinach, causing variable blotches on the outer cuticle, which is left 
entire until ruptured by the escape of the maggot when it matures and 
deserts its old home for transformation in the earth below. The 
abandoned mines dry, shrivel, and become torn by subsequent growth 
of the plant. 
THE BEET OR SPINACH LEAF-MINER. 
{Pegomya ricina Lintn. ).« 
The beet or spinach leaf -miner is the best known of these insects, 
and at the present time the only one that need be considered. It is 
practically confined to beets, spinach, and like plants, such as lambs- 
quarters, and is to be reckoned among j^rominent beet pests, as it is 
apparentl}^ increasing in destructiveness. 
The parent fly is shown at figure 50, a, h representing the head of 
the male, and c that of the female. The ground color is gray with the 
front of the head silver white. The body, including the legs, is rather 
«Lintner, 1st Annual Kept. Insects N. Y. for 1881 (1882), pp. 203-211; Howard, 
Insect Life, Vol. VII, pp. 379-381; Sirrine, 14th Rept. X. Y. Agricultural Experiment 
Station for 1895 (1896), pp. 625-633; Pettit, Bui. 175, Mich, State Agr. College Exp. 
ta., 1899, pp. 356-357. 
