48 
MANUAL OF APICULTURE. 
skillful cook would be disposed to go back from the modern cooking 
range to the old-fashioned fireplace. 
For hundreds of years smoke has been used to quell and even stupefy 
bees, and various forms of bee smokers have long been used; but the 
modern bellows form, so far superior to the old clumsy implements 
which oftentimes required both hands of the operator, or to be held 
between the teeth, is purely an American invention. Mr. M. Quinby, 
one of the pioneers in improved methods in apiculture in America, was 
the inventor of the bellows smoker having the fire box at the side of 
the bellows so arranged as to ena- 
V . / ble the operator to work it with 
/ one hand, and when not in use to 
w - ■ 
stand it upright and secure a draft 
which would keep the fire going. 
Certain improvements on the original Quinby smoker 
have been made without changing the general form of 
the implement, one of the most effective and durable of 
these improved makes being the Bingham direct-draft 
smoker. Other modifications are the Crane, with a cut- 
FiG.32.-TheBing- off valve, the Clark, Hill, and Cornell smokers. The 
ham bee smoker. mec ii um an( j larger sized smokers, even for use in small 
apiaries, are preferable. They light easier, take in all kinds of fuel, and 
hold fire better, while they are always much more effective since they 
furnish a large volume of smoke at a given instant, thus nipping in the 
bud any incipient rebellion. The bee smoker and its use are well shown 
by figs. 12, 32, and 53. 
VEILS. 
Veils for the protection of the face will be needed at times — for vis- 
itors if not for the manipulator. The beginner, however, should use 
one under all circumstances until he has acquired some skill in opening 
hives and manipulating frames and has become acquainted with the 
temper and notes of bees, so that he will have confidence when they 
are buzzing about him and will know when it is really safe to dispense 
with the face protector. Veils are made of various materials. In those 
which offer the least obstruction to the sight, black silk tulle or brus- 
sels net is used, the meshes of which are hexagonal. Linen brussels 
net is more durable than silk, as is also cotton, though the latter turns 
gray in time and obstructs the vision. By making the front only of 
silk and the sides of some ordinary white cotton netting the cost of the 
veil is less, but it is not so comfortable to wear in hot weather, being 
less open. A rubber cord is drawn into the upper edge, which brings 
the latter snugly in about the hat band. By having the veil long and 
full and drawing it over a straw hat with a wide, stiff brim, tying the 
lower edge about the shoulders or buttoning it inside a jacket or coat, 
the face is securely protected. (Fig. 12.) 
