BEES AS CROSS-FERTILIZERS. 
63 
blossoms. The seed vessel at u shows only an abortive seed, and the 
side of the fruit nearest this point is also correspondingly undeveloped. 
This is owing to imperfect or complete lack of fertilization of this 
carpel, five distinct fertilizations being necessary to produce a perfect 
Flu. 50.— Mountain laurel (Kalmia lati/olia). A. flowering branch. B. expanded flower: ap. antber 
pocket. C, section of expanded flower: op, ap. anther pockets : t. stigma: a. antber (free) : pa. pollen 
grains in shower: ca. calyx. D. section of flower bud: ap. anther pocket. E. stamen more enlarged : 
o, anther; po. pores ; pa. pollen grains ; /. filament. (From Cheshire.) 
fruit. Bees beiug. during the period of fruit blossoms, the most abun- 
dant insects that might effect the necessary distribution of the pollen 
of these flowers, the importance is at once seen of having an apiary in 
or near the orchard. Continued rainy or cold weather may keep the 
bees confined to their hives much of the time during fruit bloom, hence 
Fig. 51.— Apple [Pyru* mahu), showing structure of flower and result of imperfect fertilization. 
A. blossom : *,8tigma8; a, anthers; p. petal; f, sepal; ea, calyx; d, dissepiment. B, cross section of 
imperfectly developed fruit: /./, fertilized carpels; u, unfertilised carpel. (From Cheshire.) 
it is advisable to have them near at hand and in numbers proportionate 
to the size of the orchards, so that even a few hours o( sunshine will 
assure their making a thorough distribution of the pollen. In the 
absence of accurate experiments regarding the number of colonics of 
bees required to insure proper fertilization in the orchard, and also in 
