38 NATURAL CONTROL OF WHITE FLIES IN FLORIDA. 
places in Plate VIII. When weathered the pustules lose their powdery 
appearance and their surface appears pitted. This fungus attacks 
both the larval and pupal stages of both the citrus and cloudy- winged 
white flies, and has been observed by the junior author to spread to 4 
and develop pustules on larvae and pupae known to be previously 
dead. It is therefore saprophytic as well as parasitic. 
Effectiveness. — The authors have frequently observed this fungus 
in various places in Lee, Manatee, Orange, and Marion counties since 
1906, but in only one instance, on a few nursery trees in a very moist 
spot at Orlando, did it appear to give promise of ever being of value 
in holding the fly in check. The pustules are usually very scattered, 
being most abundant in the lowest and most shaded portions of the 
grove. Considering the almost negligible good accomplished by it, 
it has not been the subject of serious study in the course of these 
investigations except in noting its spread on certain trees to both 
living and dead marked larvae and pupae. Prof. Fawcett has success- 
fully grown cultures on various media, and both he and Dr. Berger 
have secured infections in the grove with these cultures. 
Distribution and insects attacked. — The cinnamon fungus has been 
reported as infecting Aleyrodes citri at Gainesville, Citra, Mcintosh, 
Orlando, Winter Park, Apopka, St. Petersburg, Palmetto, Braden- 
town, Manatee, Oneco, Bartow, Fort Myers, Buckingham, and Alva. 
Its attack is not restricted to the citrus white fly. Prof. Fawcett 
states that it has been found in Florida on the following five scale 
insects: Lepidosaphes gloveri Pack., Gainesville; Diaspis sp., on leaves 
of Euonymus ajnericanus, Gainesville; Lepidosaphes oeckii Newm., 
Palmetto and Citra. In Italy it attacks soft scale {Coccus hesperidum) 
on lemon leaves, and in Africa and the Antilles it has been reported 
on unknown host insects. 
THE REDHEADED SCALE FUNGUS. 
(Sjphserostilbe coccophila Tul.) 
The red-headed scale fungus (Spheerostilbe coccophila) is here recorded 
among those fungi of minor importance attacking the white fly only 
because it has been repeatedly associated with it in this connection. 
It was first noted as a parasite on Aleyrodes citri at Orlando in 1903 by 
Prof. H. A. Gossard. While it has a world-wide distribution and is 
very effective at times as a parasite of scale insects, being reported on 
no less than 15 species, its value as a parasite on the citrus and cloudy- 
winged white flies is absolutely nil. Probably not more than one 
white-fly larva or pupa in a million is killed by it. In not a few cases, 
where it has been thought on casual observation to be attacking the 
white-fly larva, careful examination with a lens has shown that its 
bright red fruiting bodies originated not in the fly larva itself but in a 
purple scale, Lepidosaphes oeckii Newm., partially or completely con- 
cealed by it* 
