AKTIFICIALLY SPKEADING FUNGOUS DISEASES. 51 
leaves," as leaves 1 bearing fly larvae and pupae infected with fungi are 
popularly called, are placed in water, allowed to soak a varying length 
of time, and then shaken or stirred vigorously for from three to five 
minutes in order that the spores may be washed from the pustules, or, 
if brown fungus is used, that in addition small pieces of the mycelia 
may be separated from the leaves. After the leaves have been 
thoroughly agitated by shaking or stirring, the mixture is carefully 
strained, if it is to be applied as a spray, like ordinary insecticides ; or, 
if the dipping or brushing methods are to be followed, merely poured 
into the final receptacle, together with the leaves and fungus. This 
stock mixture is then diluted to the desired strength. 
In securing infections with the brown fungus, infections have been 
secured by Using ground fungous leaves. In preparing water mixtures 
of the mycelia in this way, the leaves are first passed through an 
ordinary meat grinder or similar instrument. During this process 
the leaves are thoroughly ground into small particles. The ground 
leaves may be shaken in a jar, then poured into a bucket, thoroughly 
stirred, and the resulting mixture Used for dipping the ends of white- 
fly infected branches. 
As the spores are very readily gotten into solution, no special appa- 
ratus is necessary. The authors have found an ordinary 2-quart fruit 
jar very convenient when no more than 3 or 4 gallons of solution are 
desired at any one time. The fungous leaves are placed in the jar 
previously half filled with water, the top screwed on, and the contents 
shaken the desired length of time. In making larger amounts of 
spray, an ordinary washtub is a convenient retainer ; the leaves being 
thrown into the tub half filled with water and vigorously stirred with 
a stick or board. The solution is then strained through a wine 
strainer into the spray pump and is ready for application. 
Means and methods of applying water mixtures of spores. — For those 
who have only a few trees into which they wish to introduce fungi and 
do not care to go to the expense of purchasing spray pumps, very 
satisfactory results will be obtained by the use of an ordinary wooden 
bucket half filled with spore solution into which the badly infested 
outer shoots of the tree are dipped. In using the brushing method an 
ordinary whisk broom, or even a bunch of leafy twigs, in addition to 
the bucket, is all that is necessary. 
In spraying the spores into the trees, the authors have used ordi- 
nary knapsack sprayers, compressed-air sprayers, and barrel pumps. 
There is little choice between these sprayers from the standpoint of 
infection secured, and the sprayer used has depended largely upon the 
i The danger of introducing by means of fungous leaves either the citrus or cloudy-winged white fly into 
sections or groves where both do not occur is very great. When a grove is infested by only one species, the 
danger of introducing the other by this means may be obviated by scraping the red and yellow Aschcrsonia 
pustules from the leaves or by crushing the leaves, particularly those infected with brown fungus, in a meat 
chopper. 
