THE CINNAMON FUNGUS. 37 
infected flies, and, both wet and dry, were dusted with a mixture of 
infected flies and flour applied with a blowgun. No fungus developed 
on checks kept on these experiments. 
THE CINNAMON FUNGUS. 
(Verticillium heterocladum Penz.) 
History. — The cinnamon fungus ( Verticillium Tieterocladum) was first 
described by O. Penzig in 1882 attacking the soft scale (Lecanium) 
Coccus Jiesperidum L. on lemon leaves in Italy. In 1905 Dr. E. H. 
Sellards, then entomologist of the Florida Experiment Station, found 
it growing on Aleyrodes citri at Palmetto, Fla., on leaves also bearing 
numerous pustules of the brown fungus. As no fruiting bodies of the 
latter had ever been found, for several years it was thought possible 
that it might be the spore-bearing stage of the brown fungus. How- 
ever, it has since been proved distinct by Prof. H. S. Fawcett, who has 
referred it to Penzig's species, and in 1908 published the results of his 
studies begun in 1905, giving an account of its history, its description, 
and biological notes. 
Description. — The pustules of this fungus are brownish-gray or 
cinnamon colored and are surrounded by a whitish feltlike growth 
spreading out over the leaf for a short distance around the pustule. 
In general appearance, when not growing luxuriantly, this Verticillium 
superficially resembles the brown fungus. The following technical 
description is quoted from Prof. Fawcett: 1 
The pustules, which are cinnamon colored, are powdery on the surface. Under 
the hand lens they appear brushlike in form, bristling with hyphse. From the edge 
of the pustules there grows out a creeping layer of white, delicate, interwoven hyphse. 
From these colorless hyphse, as well as from the top of the pustules, there arise upright 
conidiophores. These "may have either a simple series of whorls, two to four branches 
in each, or the branches of the whorls may again be whorled. The conidia are borne 
on the ends of the ultimate branches. The conidiophores are quite delicate, slender, 
hyaline, 150 to 240 microns by 3 to 4 microns, several times septate. The conidia 
are oblong, hyaline, 4 to 6 micorns long by 1.5 to 2.5 thick. The main body of the 
cinnamon-colored stroma when mature becomes powdery in appearance, and under 
the microscope it is found that the hyphse have broken up into short pieces irreg- 
ular in shape and length with rounded ends, some of them quite closely imi- 
tating spores. These have thicker walls than the conidia, and probably act as repro- 
ductive bodies in carrying the fungus through a period of dry weather. 
The resemblance to the brown fungus mentioned above is most 
striking when the pustules are very scattering and only partially 
developed. However, when very abundant, as shown in Plate VIII, 
the similarity between the two fungi disappears. Leaves have been 
found in which the underside was entirely concealed beneath the 
feltlike mycelial growth surrounding the pustules. This running 
together of the mycelial growths of the several pustules is shown in 
i Special Studies No. 1, Univ. of Florida, p. 23, 1908. 
