32 NATURAL CONTROL OF WHITE FLIES IN FLORIDA. 
and Texas through the offices of the entomologists of the experiment 
stations of those States. Its recent discovery in India by Mr. K. S. 
Woglum, of the Bureau of Entomology, has been noted by Dr. 
Howard. 1 
HYPERPARASITIC FUNGI. 
A greenish hyperparasite of the brown fungus was noted by the 
senior author in April, 1907, in Manatee, Fla., where an examination 
of leaves shed by the cold of the previous winter in one grove showed 
that fully 95 per cent of the pustules of the brown fungus had been 
parasitized. Since then it has been observed at various times in 
many of the groves in Manatee, Oneco, and Palmetto. In September, 
1907, it was noted by the senior author at Lake Charles, La., where 
its occurrence was directly traceable to importation of nursery trees 
from Manatee County, Fla. 
Prof. H. S. Fawcett has identified this hyperparasite as Con- 
iothyrium sp. It forms a dense, dark-greenish, hard growth over the 
pustule of the brown fungus and presents a surface roughened by 
numerous pustular elevations as shown in Plate VII. 
As only the stromata of the brown fungus appear to be affected, 
it is doubtful if the Coniothyrium has any practical influence in 
checking the spread of the mycelium of the brown fungus. In fact, 
it has been repeatedly noted that even when its parasite was present 
the brown fungus was spreading as rapidly and doing as effective 
work in controlling the fly as when it was not parasitized. In Janu- 
ary, 1909, the junior author noted that the Coniothyrium was rare 
in groves in and about the Manatee hammocks, even where it was 
observed to be most abundant in 1907, and in all these groves the 
brown fungus was doing effective work in controlling the fly. 
FUNGI OF LITTLE OR NO VALUE AS WHITE-FLY PARASITES. 
THE WHITE-FRINGE FUNGUS. 
(Microcera sp.) 
The white-fringe fungus (Microcera sp.) is so inconspicuous that it is 
easily overlooked. It forms no distinct pustules as do yellow and 
brown fungi. (See Plate IX, lower figure) . Larvae and pupae infected 
turn whitish, then red, often pinkish, and from their margins bursts 
forth a delicate fringe of white mycelial growth from which the fungus 
derives its name. There subsequently appear at various points along 
the margin and through the vasiform orifice the fruiting bodies, which 
are pink in color and vary in number in different specimens infected. 
After the specimens infected are dried or after the mycelium has been 
long developed, the characteristic fringe dries up and disappears, so the 
best lasting evidence of the presence of this fungus is its pink fruiting 
i Journ. Econ. Ent. ; vol. 4, p. 130, 1911. 
