MEANS OF DISTRIBUTION. 11 
Tn Austria-Hungary it is credited to Hungary, Carinthia, I stria, 
Moravia, Bohemia, " Saehsen Goburg.* 
In Italy it has been located at Brindisi and Naples. 
In Russia Lindemann states that it has a very wide distribution. 
Through his own researches and through numerous correspondents who 
furnished him material he located it in thirty-six different provinces, 
as follows: Bessarabia, Vladimir, Vologda, Volhynia, Kursk, Mohilev, 
Moscow, Nischni Novgorod, Samara, Saratov, Simbursk, Smolensk, 
Voronesh, territory of Don Cossacks, Eketerinoslav, Kazan, Kaluga. 
Kiev, Kostroma, territory of Kuban Cossacks, Novgorod, Orel, Penza, 
Podolia, Poltava, Pskov, Perm, Riazan, Stavropol, Tambov, Toula, 
Kharkov, Kherson, Tschernigov, Estland, Yaroslav. 
In Norway Schoyen reports it as occurring at Hole, Kingerike, and 
points near Ohristiania. 
In England the Hessian fly first appeared in 1886 in Herefordshire, 
Essex, and at other points. 
•In France the Hessian fly lias been particularly destructive in Vendee, 
as recorded by Marchal (71), and it has also been credited to the 
province of Isere. Dana recorded its occurrence at Toulon. 
So far there seems to be no record for Belgium, Holland, Denmark, 
or Sweden, although there would be good reason to suppose its possible 
occurrence in these countries, as also in Spain (recorded by Dana in the 
Island of Minorca) and in Portugal, where no observations seem to 
have been made. In quite recent years it has been introduced into 
New Zealand, as recorded in the following note from Insect Life (Vol. I, 
p. 32): 
The Hessian fly halfway round lite world — The Hessian fly, Cecidomyia destructor, has 
reached New Zealand. The March 1888 number of the New Zealand Fanner reports 
it from four different farms in the Rangitikei district, one of these being at Belle- 
vue, near Marton, a town 33 miles southeast of Wanganui, in the Statu of Wellington. 
MEANS OF DISTRIBUTION. 
The powers of flight possessed by the Hessian fly are sufficient to 
provide for its ready dispersal over limited areas, and where there are 
continuous or slightly separated plantings of wheat, rye. or barley no 
other means of dispersal need be sought. 
This natural spread was estimated by Fitch to be at the rate of about 
20 miles per year in the vicinity of eastern New York, based on its exten- 
sion from the center on Long Island, where it was first observed and from 
which it spread in all directions. This rate would seem to be as high 
as is admissible from purely natural means, as with plants at hand for 
deposition of eggs there is little tendency on the part of the insect to 
leave the held where it emerges, especially for the autumn brood. In 
the local transfer of straw, however, there is opportunity for some fur- 
ther dispersal which might supplement the flight of the insect in 
slight degree. 
